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W211 Apnoea and respiratory failure > Apnoea and respiratory failure > Flashcards

Apnoea and respiratory failure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the findings in type 1 respiratory failure?

A
  • PaO2 = ↓ + PaCO2 = normal or low

* Characterised by Hypoxaemia without hypercapnia

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2
Q

What are the findings in type 2 respiratory failure?

A
  • PaO2 = ↓ + PaCO2 ↑

* Characterised by hypoxaemia with hypercapnia

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3
Q

Which type of respiratory failure is worse?

A

Type 2

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4
Q

What is the definition of respiratory failure?

A

pulmonary gas exchange is sufficiently impaired so as to cause Hypoxaemia +/- Hypercapnia

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5
Q

What causes Type 1 respiratory failure?

A

Ventilation perfusion mismatch or right to left shunt

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6
Q

What causes Type 2 respiratory failure?

A

Aveolar hypoventilation

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7
Q

What is chronic respiratory failure?

A
  • Chronic respiratory failure develops over several days or longer, allowing time for renal compensation and an increase in bicarbonate concentration.
  • Therefore, the pH usually is only slightly decreased.
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8
Q

Name 9 causes of type 1 respiratory failure?

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Pulmonary oedema
  • PE
  • Asthma → acute severe
  • Emphysema
  • Pulmonary fibrosis
  • ARDS
  • Lung fibrois
  • Right to left heart shunt
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9
Q

Name 4 main causes of type 2 respiratory failure?

A

• Pulmonary disease:

♦ Asthma - Life threatening, sever acute
♦ COPD
♦ Pneumonia
♦ End stage pulmonary fibrosis
♦ Obstructive sleep apnoea

• Reduced respiratory drive:

♦ Sedative drugs
♦ CNS tumour
♦ trauma

• Neuromuscular disease:

♦ Cervical cord lesion
♦ Diaphragmatic paralysis
♦ Polio, GB, MG

• Thoracic wall disease:

♦ Flail chest
♦ Kyphoscoliosis

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10
Q

Which 3 cervical nerves make the diaphragm work?

A

• C3, C4, C5 → keep the diaphragm alive

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11
Q

Where is the breathing regulator?

A

Medulla oblongata

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12
Q

What is the first thing you do in the treatment of Repsiratory failure?

A

Treat the underlying cause.

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13
Q

What is CPAP?

A

• Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

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14
Q

What is BiPAP?

A

• Bi-phasic Positive Airway Pressure

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15
Q

What is IPPV?

A

• Intermittent Positive Pressure ventilation

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16
Q

What is obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Intermittent closure/collapse of he pharyngeal airway causing apnoeic episodes during sleep.

17
Q

What are the clinical features of sleep apnoea?

A
  • Loud snoring
  • daytime somnolence
  • poor sleep quality
  • morning headache
  • Loss of libido
  • ↓ cognitive performance
18
Q

How many episodes of sleep apnoea in 1 hr signify significant pathology?

A

> 15

19
Q

What is the management for Sleep apnoea?

A
  • Weight reduction
  • stop tobacco and alcohol
  • CPAP
  • surgery to remove pharangeal obstruction

W211 Apnoea and respiratory failure (1 decks)

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