APIC

Question 1

What are the different types of pain?

Answer 1

Nociceptive (somatic or visceral)
Neuropathic
Psychogenic

Question 2

What is allodynia?

Answer 2

The sensation of pain in response to a non-noxious stimulus (e.g. light touch)

Question 3

Which opioid analgesics are suitable for patients with poor renal function?

Answer 3

Fentanyl (no active metabolites)

Oxycodone (clinically insignificant active metabolites)

Question 4

Why is morphine not given in severe renal dysfunction?

Answer 4

Morphine has an active metabolite that is renally excreted

Question 5

What is the difference between opiates and opioids?

Answer 5

Opiate = drugs derived from morphine or codeine
Opioid = natural or synthetic drug with morphine-like action`

Question 6

List 5 adverse effects of opioids.

Answer 6

Respiratory and cough depression
Sedation
Nausea & vomiting
Constipation
Delayed gastric emptying
Urinary retention
Mioisis
Myoclonus, rigidity and seizures
Euphoria
Bradycardia and vasodilation

Question 7

What is the dosage of opioids based on?

Answer 7

The patient’s age and tolerance

Question 8

What is the mechanism of analgesia with tramadol?

Answer 8

40% due to opioid agonism

60% due to SNRI effect

Question 9

What is the theoretical risk arising from the prescription of tramadol and antidepressants?

Answer 9

Serotonin Syndome
(tramadol has SNRI effect)

Question 10

Name two opioid antagonists.

Answer 10

Naloxone

Naltrexone

Question 11

What is suboxone?

Answer 11

Tablet containing buprenorphine (opioid agonist) + naloxone (opioid antagnoist)
Naloxone is only effective when given IV, thus it theoretically deters drug seekers from crushing and injection tablets