APHUG Unit3 Flashcards
Culture?
All of a groups learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects
Visible forces
A cultures actions, possessions, and influence on the landscape.
Invisible forces
Invisible parts of a culture. Eg, guiding being through shared belief, systems, customs, and traditions
Cultural Traits?
Visible and invisible elements of a culture.
Cultural Complex?
Series of interrelated cultural traits
Ways that one generation passes its culture to the next.
Imitation, Informal Instruction, Formal Instruction
Imitation?
Copying, eg learning a language by repeating sounds from a person
Informal Instruction?
Learning from an informal surrounding, eg a parent reminding a child to say “please”
Formal Instruction?
Learning from an instructive institute, eg learning history in school
Cultural Hearth
Area where a unique culture or a specific trait develops.
Cultural Diffusion
The spread of a culture to different places.
Taboos?
Behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture.
Traditional culture?
Older culture. Former popular culture. Encompasses all 3, traditional, folk, and indigenous cultures.
Folk Culture?
Beliefs and practices of small, homogeneous groups of people. Often living in rural areas that are isolated and slow to change.
What type of culture demonstrates diverse ways that people adapt to the environment?
Folk Culture, eg people making shelters out of available convenient resources.
Indigenous Culture?
Members of a ethnic group residing in their ancestral lands possessing unique cultural traits like their own language.
Space-Time Compression?
Concept of improvements in transportation and communication shortening the time required for movement, trade or other forms of interaction between two places.
What has space time compression accelerated around the world?
Cultural Change
Globalization?
Increased integration of the world economy since the 1970s
Popular culture?
Fast spreading, widely adopted and widely spread contemporary culture.
Popular culture begins in _____ areas and diffuse quickly through globalization processes like the media and the internet.
urban
Global Culture?
Elements of popular culture adopted worldwide. (E.g Anime)
Popular culture promotes ______ in beliefs, values, and the cultural landscape across many places
uniformity (similarity)
Cultural Landscape? (AKA. Built Environment)
Modification of the environment by a group, visible reflection of said groups cultural beliefs and values. (E.g Church)
Popular culture emphasizes trying what is _______, rather than preserving what is traditional.
new
Older generations or those following a folk culture resist the adoption of _______ cultural traits, by preserving traditional language, religions, values, and foods AKA preserving what they have.
Popular
While traditional cultures can prevent adoption of popular culture they are not successful in keeping their ______ cultures from changing, especially among young people of their society.
traditional
Horizontal Diversity?
Each traditional culture being unique from other cultural groups yet people within that culture are very HOMOGENEOUS.
What diversity is traditional culture?
Horizontal diversity.
Vertical Diversity?
Modern urban societies are usually heterogenous within the society and usually contain many multiethnic neighborhoods, however on a global scale popular cultures are relatively similar. (A.K.A different within the city scale society)
Popular cultures exhibit what diversity?
Vertical
Artifacts?
Things comprising the material culture, which consists of tangible things, or those which can be experienced by the senses. (E.g. art clothing food)
The English Language is a _____ artifact.
Shared, because it is important within popular global culture.
Mentifacts?
Things comprising a groups nonmaterisl culture, consist of intangible concepts, or those without a physical presence. (E.g beliefs, values, practices)
The belief in Jesus within Judaism and Christianity is an example of a _______ mentifact.
Shared, because they both believe in Jesus, belief being a mentifact.
Sociofacts?
The ways people organize their society and relate to one another. AKA SOCIAL CONSTRUCTS (E.g families, governments, sports teams, religious organizations, education systems)
Families being the foundation of many societies across the globe is an example of a _______ sociofact.
Shared, because it is a social construct and the foundation of “MANY” societies across the globe.
Placelessness?
Phenomenon where many modern cultural landscapes exhibit a great deal of homogeneity.
The boundaries of a region represent the _________ on the environment.
human imprint
Cultural landscape encompasses any human __________ to the landscape, whether a skyscraper or a cleared field.
alteration
Built environment?
Physical artifacts humans have created that form part of the landscape. (E.g. buildings roads, signs, and fences)
Traditional Architecture?
Architecture reflecting a local cultures history, beliefs, values and community adaptations to the environment usually utilizing locally available materials. (E.g. mud homes in Nepal)
Postmodern architecture?
Architecture developed after the 1960s, moves away from boxy, concrete, brick structures towards tall high rise structures made from steel and glass. Brighter colors and more curved. (E.g. skyscrapers)
Contemporary Architecture.
Architecture emerging in the 21st century, extension of postmodern architecture. Used multiple advances to create rotating, curving, height paradigm reestablishing buildings. Towering height and skylines represent businesses and a cities wealth and power. Criticized for lack of approachable human scale interaction.
Ethnicity?
Membership within a group of people who have common experiences and share similar characteristics like ancestry, language, customs and history.
Ethnic enclaves?
Clusters of people of the same culture. Typically surrounded by people of the dominant larger culture within the region.
Ethnic enclaves sometimes reflect the desire of people to remain ____ from the larger society. Other times, they reflect a dominant cultures desire to ______ a minority culture.
apart, segregate
True or False? Ethnic enclaves contain lots of things regarding their own culture, like signs in their traditional language, their own cultural architecture, their dominant religion in form of sacred places.
True
Ethnic enclaves can provide a ______ against discrimination by the dominant culture or a network of ________ to help with employment and cultural integration.
buffer, people.
In folk cultures women usually handle the ________ responsibilities, such as farming, educating children, and caring for family members.
domestic
In folk cultures men often work ______ the house earning money and serving as leaders in religion and politics.
outside
In popular culture traditional gender roles are ___________.
challenged, this is contrast to folk cultures.
Women in popular culture tend to have more access to _________ which leads for more work opportunities outside of home. In turn this gives women more economic power and leadership opportunities.
Education
Gendered spaces?
Places restricted to a single gender. (E.g. men’s bathroom)
Cultural regions?
Regions determined and defined based on characteristics such as region, language, and ethnicity. Unless regions are defined by clear features like mountain ranges, a transition zone exists in which cultural traits mix. These regions DO NOT ALWAYS follow political borders.
Cultural Realms?
Larger cultural areas encompassing several cultural regions. They contain a few traits that they all share.
Sacred Places?
Places or natural features with religious significance or places significant because of what occurred there. (E.g. Mt Sinai or certain rocks)
Ways people express their beliefs through the cultural landscapes they create.
Memorial spaces to the dead, traditionally located near worship places. Restaurants and food markets catering to specific cultures.
Signs written in the language or alphabet of a specific group reflecting ethnic heritage.
Christian Architectural Cultural Landscape?
Churches, often have tall steep tops with crosses at the peak. Represent how origin of the architectural style was often influenced by environment. E.g churches closer to the Mediterranean have dome shaped roofs conveying Roman architectural preferences, churches in North Europe have steep roofs for snow to slide off in winter. (Christian Cemeteries are another example)
Hinduism Architectural Cultural Landscape?
Temples, have carved interiors with manifestations of deities. Sacred sites like the Ganges River provide pilgrims a place to bathe for purification. Practice cremation for purification.
Buddhism Architectural Cultural Landscape?
Stupas, structured to store important relics and memorialize important events and beliefs. Pagodas are another, however are more like large temples for meditation.
Judaism Architectural Cultural Landscape?
Synagogues, vary in size based on the amount of Jews in an area. Burial of dead occurs before sundown on the day following death.
Diaspora?
When one group of people is dispersed to various locations. (E.g the Diaspora when Jewish people spread throughout the world due to exile/persecution or voluntary migration)
Islamic Architectural Cultural Landscape?
Mosque, mosque’s are typically in the center of a town. Have domes surrounded by beacons where the daily prayer’s called. Burials occur ASAP in cemeteries.
Shintoism Architectural Cultural Landscape?
Shrines, torii’s to mark the transition from the outside world to a sacred space.
Charter Group?
First group to establish cultural and religious CUSTOMS in a space. (E.g. Native Americans in the Americas)
True or False. Charter Groups influences occur in many contemporary places?
True
Ethnic groups arriving after the charter group may choose to bypass the already established cultural location and ______ a distinctive space with their own customs. In urban areas, these enclaves become ethnic neighborhoods.
create
Ethnic Islands?
Ethnic concentrations in rural areas.
_____ islands cultural imprints revolve around housing types and agricultural dwellings that reflect their heritage.
Ethnic
Ethnic Islands maintain ______ because they have less interaction with other groups.
cohesion
Ethnic neighborhoods in urban settings are often occupied by migrants who settle in a _____ groups former space. The _____ group has already shaped the landscape, new arrivals make their own influence. (E.g. Chinatowns making their own influence)
charter
The “Chinatown” name tends to ______ on even if the original occupants have moved out or assimilated, and the neighborhood primarily caters to tourists.
move
Members of a particular ethnic group _____ in particular regions.
cluster
Discrimination may ______ housing choices for certain ethnic groups. (E.g. African Americans)
limit
Sequent Occupancy?
Ethnic groups moving in and out of neighborhoods and creating new cultural imprints on the landscape. (E.g. Pilsen neighborhood being populated by Hispanics today but the toponym reflecting a history as a home for German and Czech Immigrants)
If X, Y, Z groups moved into AB at different times you would see that some streets are named after X leaders, Y leaders and others Z leaders. This is an example of?
Sequent Occupancy
Evolution and changing occupancy of a neighborhood can create cultural, economic and political _______
tension.
Tensions often increased when the incoming group ______ or _______ the cultural landscape without considering the people already living in the space.
changes, destroys
Neolocalism?
Process of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place typically in reaction to the culture eroding. (E.g. a large festival being held for honoring a eroding culture)
Cultural Patterns?
Related sets of cultural traits and complexes that create similar behaviors across space. (E.g. a pattern of a specific culture building with strictly wood because that’s all they have)
Religions, like other elements of culture, often diffuse ____ from their hearths in various ways.
Outward
Religious settlements contribute to the sense of _______ and belonging for each religious group.
place
True or False. The distribution of ethnic and religious groups in the US reflects historical patterns, e.g. Hindus, Jews, Muslims living in urban areas, the traditional home for immigrants.
True
Religion is closely linked to _____, or membership in a group of people sharing characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, history, and common experiences.
ethnicity
Nationality?
Peoples connections to a particular country
Are Russian Jews and Russians a different group? Why?
Yes, because geographers distinguish between nationality and ethnicity.
Centripetal Forces?
Forces unifying a group of people or a region. (E.g. common language and religion, shared heritage or history)
Centrifugal Forces?
Forces dividing a group of people or a region. (E.g. different religions and religions, racism, ethnic conflict, unequal application of laws, dictatorial leadership.)
Centrifugal forces can be especially harmful towards national cohesion in ________ states.
multicultural
Multicultural states?
States possessing more than one distinct cultural identity or ethnic group within its borders.
Religious traditions predate current governments, therefore they are often the source for many present day ____ and punishments by the government.
law
Sharia?
Legal framework of a country derived from Islamic edicts from the Qur’an.
Blue Laws?
Community laws restricting certain activities. (E.g. sale of alcohol on Sunday)
Religion is the source of many _______ for adherents like, praying, religious services, holy days. (E.g Valentines Day)
practices
Fundamentalism?
Followers of a religion attempting to follow a literal interpretation of said religion. The strength of fundamentalism diminishes with greater distance from the religious hearth, distance decay. (E.g. most Islamic fundamentalists are at most power within the hearth of Islam, the Arabian Peninsula)
Theocracies?
Countries whose governments are ran by religious leaders through religious laws. (E.g Iran following Sharia and the leader being the political head of the state and the highest religious authority)
All major religions of the world have a history of _________.
Theocracy
Ethnocentric?
People believing their cultural group is more important and superior to other cultures. They typically generalize and stereotype others and do not seek to understand differences.
Ethnocentrism can lead to __________ forces within a state, such as discrimination, intolerance, violence.
centrifugal
Cultural Relativism?
Concept that a persons or groups beliefs, values, norms, and practices should be understood from the perspective of the other groups culture. (E.g. trying to understand why some communities eat bugs and realizing that was the only source of protein available)
Cultural Appropriation?
Action of adopting traits, icons, or other elements of another culture. The greatest concern is when the trait is adopted by the majority from a minority. Concern increases if it’s used inappropriately or disrespectfully.
Relocation Diffusion?
Spread of culture and or cultural traits by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them. (E.g. spread of pizza by Italians)
Sometimes, the areas where migrants settle ______ a trait after it has lost its influence in hearth. (E.g Disco music popular in the U.S in the 70s, as it became less popular in the US it boomed in Egypt)
continue
Expansion Diffusion?
Spread of cultural traits outward through exchange WITHOUT migration. Requires a different person to adopt the trait.
Contagious Diffusion?
When a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people. (E.g. heath of blues music being SE US however as musics outside of the hearth heard it they played it themselves and this continued until blues were popular in northern cities like NY.)
Hierarchical Diffusion?
Spread of culture outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth and influence. Spreading from High POWER to Low POWER. (E.g. cellphones only being bought buy rich at release but as it went on cellphones became of budget for less wealthy)
Most popular culture diffuses ___________.
Hierarchically
Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion?
Diffusion of traits from a lower status to a group of higher status. (E.g. Tattoos previously considered to be of lower status people however later tattoos becoming more common throughout many sections of society)
Stimulus Diffusion?
When an underlying idea from a cultural hearth is adopted by another culture but the adopting group modifies or rejects one trait. (E.g. burger from USA modified to fit non-beef culture in India)
