ApHug Migration+Language Flashcards
What is Language?
Language is a system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of
people understands that have the same meaning.
How does language reflect and shape one’s culture?
Language reflects and shapes a culture by helping to create a sense of place, shaping a cultural
landscape, and it is a key element in communication with other cultures
How do languages change
Languages can change by communication technology, reshaping of a culture, and destroying
old practices or the languages themselves
What is someone called that studies language?
Somebody that studies language is called a linguist
Define isoglosses
Isoglosses are boundaries between variations and pronunciation or word usage
Why does the distribution of languages change over time?
Distribution of languages change over time because some language are lost with assimilation,
but some can be diffused widely with globalization
Describe the 2 different ways the major languages(10) have spread
The two ways that the major languages have spread is through conquest and
colonialism
What is a lingua franca
Lingua Franca is a common language used by people who do not share the same native
language.
What is a Pidgin language
A simplified mixture of two languages that have fewer grammar rules and a smaller
vocabulary;however, it is not the native language of either group
What are Creole languages (explain also how they formed ** always on AP)
Two or more separate languages that mix to develop a more formal structure and vocabulary so
that they are not a pidgin language anymore, but instead create a new combined language
What is Swahili
The results from trade between Arab-speaking merchants and bantu-speaking residents.
What is Folk Culture
culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups
What is Pop Culture
set of practices, beliefs, and objects that embody the most broadly shared meanings of a social system (Globalized).
What is the Culture hearth
a center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions diffuse from
What is a cultural taboo
Behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture
What is the cultural landscape
The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape
What are Ethnic enclaves
Clusters of people within the same culture
What is Globalization
Growth to a global or worldwide scale
What is Space-time compression
The reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place
What is diffusion
The spread of a thing from one place to another
What is Relocation diffusion
The spread of a cultural trait by people who migrate and carry those traits with them
What is Expansion diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.
What is Contagious Diffusion
When a cultural trait spread continuously outward through contact among people
What is hierarchical diffusion
the spread of a feature or trend from a key person of authority or power to other people or places
What is stimulus diffusion
when people in a culture adopt an underlying idea or process from another culture, but modify it because they reject one trait of it.
What is acculturation
When an ethnic/immigrant group adopts practices and values from their receiving group
What is Assimilation
When an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from its receiving group
Nativist
a person who favors those born in his country and is opposed to immigrants
What does it mean to have a sense of place?
Feelings evoked as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a particular place.
What is a “uniform” place
A place that has little to no variation
What is Material culture
Physical things created by members of a society
What is ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one’s nation or ethnic group
What can cause languages and culture to go extinct (4)
- genocide
- Pressure of globalization
- Cultural convergence
- Laws against the use of indigenous languages
What is cultural divergence
Cultures becoming less alike due to both cultural and physical barriers
Example: the Amish
What is an official language
The language used by the government of a country for laws, reports, signs, public objects, money, stamps.
What is an official language that is CentriPETAL
This means that the official language brings people together
What is an official language that is CentriFUGAL
This means that the official language TEARS people APART
Want is Friction of distance
as a cultural trait diffused the people who adapt it might alter it
What does distance decay and friction of distance cause
Distance decay and friction of distance cause closer groups of people to be more alike compared to groups further from each other
What is Imperialism
The dominance of one country over another country through diplomacy or force
What is Colonialism
When a powerful country established settlements in a less powerful country to economic and/or political gain
What is Neocolonialism
“New” colonialism - term to describe how in more modern times, imperialism can be pursued through the assertion of political, economic and cultural influence rather than occupation
