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Aphasia > Aphasia Quiz #2 > Flashcards

Aphasia Quiz #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does CT stand fo

A

Computed axial tomography

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2
Q

Do CT’s and MRI’s include radiation?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Advantages of a CT

A

Quick, relatively inexpensive, and allows a view of gross brain structures

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4
Q

What dies a CT do?

A

Image slices are taken of the brain that reflect the relative tissue density throughout.

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5
Q

What does MRI stand for?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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6
Q

What advantages does MRI have over CT scans?

A

provides a better resolution than a CT scan, does not entail radiation, and is better at imaging for ischemic strokes.

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7
Q

What does an MRI do

A

It can detect and map the diffusion of water molecules within myelinated fiber tracts, tracks are color-coded, and provides a better visualization of the brain.

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8
Q

What does fMRI stand for?

A

functional MRI

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9
Q

How is an fMRI different from an MRI?

A

It’s different in that its not a direct measure of neuronal activity.

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10
Q

What does an fMRI tell you?

A

It measures dynamic changes in the blood flow as indicated by varying levels of oxygen in the brain.

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11
Q

What does PET stand for?

A

Positron emission computed tomography

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12
Q

How do PET scans work?

A

It works by detecting radioisotopes injected into the bloodstream as they travel through the brain.

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13
Q

What does a PET scan show?

A

It helps us look at blood flow to the regional cerebral area of the brain.

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14
Q

What does SPECT stand for?

A

Single photon emission computed tomography

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15
Q

How do SPECT scans work?

A

It detects diffuse and focal damage and is useful in differentiating stroke from other types of brain pathology.

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16
Q

What does a SPECT scan tell you?

A

It makes use of radioisotopes injected in the bloodstream but the effects last much longer.

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17
Q

How does cerebral angiography work?

A

a catheter is placed in the patients femoral artery and is extended up to the carotid/vertebral artery where a contrast medium is injected in and then x-rays are taken to show the contrast between the arteries, veins, and capillaries.

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18
Q

What does a cerebral angiography tell you?

A

It helps determine the extent of vascular problems within cerebral blood vessels.

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19
Q

What does EEG stand for?

A

electroencephalogy

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20
Q

How does an EEG work?

A

Electrodes are placed in a prescribed pattern over the patient’s scalp on each of the four cortical lobes where the differences in the electrical potential between two electrodes respond to cortical brain waves and collect data on thousands/millions of neurons.

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21
Q

What does an EEG tell you?

A

It is a key evaluation of basic cortical function as well as measuring brain activity in those suspected to have epilepsy.

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22
Q

Neuron changes in normal aging

A

there is shrinkage and reduced dendritic branching leading to decreased brain volume.

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23
Q

Brain atrophy in normal aging

A

primarily present in the frontal lobes and hippocampus.

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24
Q

Neurotransmitters in normal aging

A

reduction in these acetylcholine and dopamine as well.

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25
Q

White matter in normal aging

A

decreased white matter, especially in the frontal lobes.

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26
Q

Cerebral blood flow in normal aging

A

reduced cerebral blood flow

27
Q

Plaque in normal aging

A

accumulation of amyloid beta or amyloid plaques

28
Q

Do most adults with physiological changes due to aging show cognitive or linguistic problems?

A

Many adults do not show deterioration in cognitive/linguistic abilities, but some do.

29
Q

Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults

A

Due to hemispheric asymmetry reduction, older adults tend to use both hemispheres in a task that usually requires one.

30
Q

What is reserve capacity and how does it relate to the performance of some older adults?

A

Reserve capacity supports the ability to perform in ways that are typically not tested or demonstrated which leads older adults to perform just as well as young adults.

31
Q

Three positive aspects of an aging brain

A
  • The brain’s gradual loss of different neurons, matter, etc can be the brain’s way of specializing in areas of cognitive and linguistic strength and gaining what is perceived as wisdom.
  • The brains gradual loss of prefrontal, limbic, etc interactions may lead to clearer balance of basic drives in sexual pursuits, career ambition, etc.
  • Life experience is gained from the amount of memories and lessons the person has received in their lifetime, giving them better opportunities to lead and teach.
32
Q

the aspects of memory that are often well preserved in aging

A

semantic memory, procedural memory (recall on how to process specific tasks), and autobiographical memory (memory about important aspects of one’s past) is well-preserved.

33
Q

aspects that are more often negatively affected by aging

A

episodic memory (recall of personal experiences), source memory (memory of where/how someone acquired knowledge or where and when a previous event took place), and short-term memory (recall of recent events).

34
Q

How aging often affects syntactic processing

A
35
Q

Word finding in normal aging

A

more tip-of-the-tongue experiences, slower response times, less accuracy in confrontational naming, and reduced verbal fluency

36
Q

Discourse in normal aging

A

all levels of language change with the person’s motivation to utilize their skills

37
Q

pragmatics in normal aging

A

is not affected on the surface level, but it depends on the person’s motivation and if they have any disorders that can affect their ability to communicate

38
Q

Blood-brain barrier definition

A

basically a barrier between blood and brain tissue so that substances in the blood can not easily get into the central nervous system.

39
Q

Advantage of blood-brain barrier

A

Makes infections to the brain extremely rare.

40
Q

Disadvantages of blood-brain barrier

A

Things in the bloodstream can not easily get in the brain, like antibiotics.

41
Q

Edema

A

swelling caused by excess fluid (CBSF) can occur for days or even longer.

42
Q

Diaschisis

A

Parts of the brain that are distant from where the damage is can be imapired because the pathways that connect those areas may be damaged.

43
Q

Necrosis

A

tissue death. When the neurons die they are permanently gone.

44
Q

Infarct

A

an area of dead tissue.

45
Q

Ischemic penumbra

A

an area of reduced blood flow in neural tissue surrounding an infarct.

46
Q

What is an ischemic stroke?

A

when an artery is blocked. The neurons die in the first few hours and often brain tissue swells around the damaged area. Neurons in other parts of the brain may be affected that are not inherently damaged.

47
Q

the two main types of ischemic strokes

A

Thrombotic stroke: Where an artery is gradually occluded by a buildup of fatty material, builds up over time.
Embolic stroke: an embolism, where an artery is suddenly blocked by the arrival of substance through the bloodstream.

48
Q

Would an aspirin help for an ischemic stroke?

A

Yes, it thins the blood

49
Q

What is a TIA?

A

transient ischemic attacks a.k.a., mini strokes. Small temporary disruptions of blood flow, but less than 24 hours.

50
Q

What is hypoperfusion?

A

too little blood flow to the brain, often caused by massive bleeding elsewhere.

51
Q

What is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

caused by the rupture of a blood vessel, the artery wall could be weak or hypertension can put a lot of pressure on it. Blood then flows out which kills the neurons that are hit by blood and the blood won’t continue as well.

52
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

like a partially inflated balloon and if squeezed it can pop up. With increased pressure and if the artery wall isn’t strong, the artery can balloon out which makes it weaker.

53
Q

What is a subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Subdural hemorrhagic stroke: often due to a TBI, between dura mater and arachnoid.
Subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke: in between the arachnoid and pia mater. Pretty common and serious.

54
Q

Herniation

A

parts of the body are being pushed elsewhere, especially bad with the brain.

55
Q

Gliomas

A

Glial cells being ten times as many as neurons, so there’s a trillion gliomas in our nervous system. They surround, nourish, and affect the neurons. Glioma is a tumor that occurs there.

56
Q

Meningiomas

A

tumors in the meninges, typically slow growing and often removed somewhat easier since they are more superficial.

57
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

the accumulation of CSF. Could get in the ventricles and enlarge them and if they are large it could increase pressure and cause more problems.

58
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

a canal that connects the third and fourth ventricle and flows through the cerebral aqueduct, but the aqueduct could be pushed close and if that happens the fluid won’t be able to flow through and a buildup of CFS would occur and cause a lot of damage.

59
Q

What is an intraventricular shunt?

A

A small tube is placed into the ventricles to allow the CSF to drain.

60
Q

primary prevention

A

maintain exercise

61
Q

secondary prevention

A

Try to keep blood pressure in check

62
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Speech therapy

63
Q

Ethnic factor related to stroke

A

People of black or hispanic descent are more likely to have one

Aphasia (1 decks)

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