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Aphasia History > Aphasia History and Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Aphasia History and Neuroanatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What do localizatinionists believe?

A

Language is housed in subcomponents in the brain.

There are distinct processors that handle language

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2
Q

What do unitarianists believe?

A

Brain functions as a unified organ

Language is not distinct from any other aspect of cognitive processing

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3
Q

Who was the first localizatinist?

A

Plato

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4
Q

Descartes

A

Mind/body problem. Primarily a dualist (believed the mind and brain could coexist. Mind influences the body through the pineal gland but the body could not influence the mind.

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5
Q

Gall was an advocate of….

A

Localization! Brain had three major divisions: brainstem, basal ganglia, cortex

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6
Q

Flourens

A

Experimental localizer but against localization of cerebral function.

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7
Q

Who is given credit to this day for the localization principle?

A

Broca- he demonstrated that a lesion in the left frontal lobe caused a speech problem but not an impairment in comprehension

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8
Q

What are some things about Hughlings-Jackson?

A

He was the founder of neuropsychology.

Neither a unitarianist or a localizationist

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9
Q

What did Brodmann do?

A

Categorized the brain into 52 distinct areas based on cellular organiation of the cortex in the respective regions.

Tissue stains to visualize different cell types

Organization of cells is called architectonics

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10
Q

Some stuff about Freud. Tell me!

A

Theories of unconscious mind

Mechanism of repression

Dreams as a window into unconscious desires

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11
Q

Penfield

A

Localizationist that mapped the motor cortex using electronic stimulation

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12
Q

Geschwind

A

Introduced classical model of aphasia and brought discussion to boston. BDAE. Behavioral neurology.

Introduced idea of connectionism

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13
Q

What is connectionism?

A

Lower level or primary sensory/motor functions are strongly localized but higher level functions like object recognition, memory, and language are the result of interconnections between brain areas.

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14
Q

Parallel distributed processing. What are the three principles?

A

Representation of information is distributed (not local)

Memory and knowledge for specific things are not stored explicitly, but stored in connections between units

Learning can occur with gradual changes in connection strength

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15
Q

CT Scan Adv and Disadv

A

Provides detailed image of the brain

Differentiates between tissues of different densities.

Short imaging time

Widely available

Cheaper than other tests

Disadvantages: possible health risks from radiation

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16
Q

MRI

A

Disadvantages between soft tissues

Can be used to study disordered or normal structures

High degree of spatial resolution

Disadv:
Longer imaging times than CT
Cannot be used with metal devices
More costly than CT

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17
Q

fMRI

A

Assess how the brain changes over time.
Safe and noninvasive
Can be used in conjunction with MRI

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18
Q

Basic functions of nervous system

A

Sensation (monitors changes/events occuring outside the body), integration (parallel processing and interpretation of sensory information to determine appropriate response), reaction(motor output)

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19
Q

Basic structures of the NS

A 
Peripheral nerves
Spinal cord
Cerebellum
Subcortical gray matter
Subcortical white matter
Cortex
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20
Q

Two basic nerve cell types

A

Neurons- Functional, signal conducting cells

Neuroglia- Supporting cells

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21
Q

Neurons. What are they?

A

The basic functional and structural unit of the nervous system.
Receive, integrate, and transmit information
Operate through electrical impulses
Specialized to conduct information from one part of the body to another
Most have certain structural and functional characteristics in common

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22
Q

Components of neurons

A

Cell body, dendrites, axon, neurotransmission, synapse

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23
Q

What is the soma?

A

Contains nucleus
Round, centrally located structure.
Controls protein manufacturing
Directs metabolism

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24
Q

What are the dendrites and what do they do?

A

Thin, branched processes whose main function is to receive incoming signals
Increase surface area of a neuron to increase its ability to communicate with others neurons.
Convey info towards the soma

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25
Q

Axons

A

Most neurons have a single axon
Originates from a special region of the cell body called the axon hillock
Covered with myelin

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26
Q

Afferent impulses are

A

Sensory

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27
Q

Efferent impulses are

A

Motor

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28
Q

Other kinds of cells in the nervous system

A

astrocytes, schwanna cells, microglia, oliodendroglia

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29
Q

What do glial cells do?

A 
Do not propagate neural impulses
Support neurons (literally, provide physical support as well as nutrients)
Cover neurons with myelin
Clean up debris
Housekeepers
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30
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Provide a structural matrix for cell bodies in CNS; Maintain environment or neural function; Allow for neural plasticity to help adapt to injury

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31
Q

What do microglia do?

A

Perform scavenger functions such as cleaning debris after nerve celle damamge. Are specialized immune cells that act to defent the CNS

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32
Q

Schwann cells. What kinds of stuff do they do?

A

Provide myelin insulation to axons in the PNS

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33
Q

What do oliodendrocytes do?

A

Produce the myelin sheath which provides the electrical insulation for certain neurons

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34
Q

What is the synapse?

A

Space between axon terminal and dendrites

Formed when an axon of a presynaptic cell “connects” with the dendrites of a postsynaptic cell

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35
Q

What is an action potential?

A

An electric signal that is sends a molecular mess

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36
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Any group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a pre-synaptic neuron

acetylcholine, adrenaline, dopamine, endorphins and serotonin

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37
Q

What is gray matter made up of?

A

Nerve cell bodies and processes

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38
Q

What is white matter made up of?

A

Nerve cell axons

39
Q

/Users/kcohen729/Pictures/iPhoto Library/Previews/2013/12/06/20131206-141500/k09zwwSWRxifb1r%srRf7A/IMG_0002.jpg

A

/Users/kcohen729/Pictures/iPhoto Library/Previews/2013/12/06/20131206-141534/E29Soo3NQ9uD8JCLRkG+jQ/IMG_0107.jpg

40
Q

What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Autonomic and somatic nervous system

41
Q

What are the components of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

42
Q

What are the components of the brainstem?

A

Reticular formation, medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

43
Q

What are the types of subcortical white matter?

A

Corpus callosum, cortico-cortical association fibers, cortico-subcortical association fibers

44
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A

Visual and auditory reflexes, orienting reflexes

45
Q

What does the pons do?

A

Relay of information from the cochlea and vestibular apparatus, control of movement and sensation from the face, control of mastication

46
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

Integration of breathing and swallowing, control of respiration, control of blood pressure, control of cortical arousal

47
Q

Reticular formation/reticular activating system

A

Clusters of gray matter intermixed with white found throughout the pons, midbrain, and medulla

Regulates balance and posture, sleep and conscious attention, relays info from eyes and ears to the cerebellum,

Injury leads to irreversible coma

48
Q

What are the three components of the cerebellum and what are they made up of?

A

Cerebellar cortex- gray matter in the form of parallel folds called folia

Arbor vitae- tracts of white

Cerebellar peduncles- three pairs- superior, middle, and inferior

49
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Coordinate movements, regulate posture and balance. More specifically:

Evaluation of sensory input, predicting and scheduling tasks, learned motor skills and muscle tone, posture and smooth muscle contractions, compares intention to actual movement and sends signals to adjust

50
Q

What makes up the brainstem and subcortical gray matter?

A

Pons, Midbrain, medulla oblongata, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal nuclei

51
Q

What are the basal nuclei and what is their function?

A

Masses of gray matter deep to the cortex. Control highly practiced movements, starting and stopping movements, walking, dyskinesias and unwanted movements

52
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Relay station for the cortex that lies under the corpus callosum and can be seen across frontal sections. It is a major relay station for most sensory impulses

53
Q

Which basal nuclei make up the basal ganglia?

A

Pallidus, putamem, caudate nucleus

Help initiate and terminate movement, suppress unwanted movement, regulate muscle tone

54
Q

What is the extrapyramidal system?

A

Basal nuclei and their interconnections and transmitters

55
Q

What does the extrapyramidal system do?

A

Influence motor instructions sent to the periphery

Has a role in stabilizing the large, complicated systems that control movement, Helps to direct action and interpret sensory information

56
Q

What structures make up the limbic system and what do they do and where are they?

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus.

Play a role in emotion and memory. Pleasure and aversion centers. Also olfaction and memory.

Ring of structures on the inner border of the cerebrum and the floor of the diencephalon.

57
Q

What are the three different types of cerebral white matter?

A

Commisural fibers, association fibers, and projection fibers.

58
Q

What do commisural fibers do?

A

Connect corresponding areas of the two hemispheres.

59
Q

What do association fibers do?

A

Connect different parts of the same hemisphere.

60
Q

What do projection fibers do?

A

Enter and leave the cerebral hemispheres from and to lower structures

61
Q

What is the arcuate fasiculus and what kind of cerebral white matter is it made up of?

A

Association fiber that connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas.

62
Q

In general, the cerebral cortex plays a role in….

A

memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language and consciousness.

63
Q

Where is the perisylvian zone and what does it contain?

A

Cortex surrounding the fissure in the dominant hemisphere.

Contains major neural components for understanding and producing language.

64
Q

What provides physical protection to the brain?

A

Skull, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid

65
Q

What provides chemical protection to the brain?

A

Blood brain barrier

66
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

Tightly packed cells in blood vessel walls that prevent entry of many molecules

67
Q

What is the skull

A

A bony structure that supports the structures of the face and protects the head against injury.

68
Q

What are the meninges and how are they positioned?

A

Pia mater- thin vascular layer adherent to the contours of the brain

Arachnoid mater- spider web filamentous layer

Dura mater- outermost, tough membrane that lays against the bone

69
Q

Subarachnoid bleed

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhages are typically acute. May follow a head injury or a rupture of a blood vessel in the CNS, for example, because of an aneurysm in the vessel.

70
Q

Subdural bleed

A

Subdural hematomas are usually the result of a serious head injury. When this happens, it is called an acute subdural hematoma. Among the deadliest of all injuries.

71
Q

What is the ventricular system and what are its components?

A

Connecting system of internal cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

72
Q

What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Floats brain so it is naturally buoyant, cushions from hitting the inside of the skull, chemical stability(rinses away wastes)

73
Q

What happens if CSF cannot circulate or drain properly?

A

Hydrocephalus

74
Q

What happens when you have hydrocephalus?

A

Fluid buildup causes increased pressure on the brain, either internally or externally.

Ventricles must be surgically drained via an implanted shunt

75
Q

What is the Blood Brain Barrier permeable to?

A

alcohol, O2, CO2, nicotine, anesthetics

76
Q

What are the kinds of blood vessels that run through the brain?

A

2 internal carotid arteries

2 vertebral arteries

77
Q

Where is the circle of Willis and what does it do?

A

Situated at the base of the brain. Functions as a safety valve. Joins anterior and posterior circulation. Most common site for congenital aneurysm.

78
Q

What are the cerebral arteries

A

Anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery

79
Q

Gyri

A

Convolutions. Outwardly rounded ridges of cortex.

80
Q

Sulci

A

Depressions. The grooves or fissures between the gyro.

81
Q

What are the 4 primary cortices?

A

Primary auditory cortex, primary visual cortex, primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex

82
Q

What are the 4 association cortices?

A

Temporal association cortex, parietal association cortex, frontal association cortex, occipital association cortex

83
Q

What functions do the frontal lobe association areas perform?

A

Concentrating, planning, complex problem solving

84
Q

What functions do the temporal lobe association areas perform?

A

Interpret complex sensory experiences, store memories of visual scenes, music, and complex patterns

85
Q

What functions do the parietal lobe association areas perform?

A

Understanding speech, choosing words to express thought

86
Q

What functions do the occipital lobe association areas perform?

A

Analyze and combine visual images with other sensory experiences.

87
Q

Primary motor cortex is also known as the…

A

Pre-central gyrus

88
Q

What does the primary motor cortex do?

A

Initiation of skilled motor movements.

89
Q

Lesion to primary motor cortex results in…

A

Paralysis to to the contralateral half of the body

90
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area

A

Word formation, articulation, speech production

91
Q

What is the location of Broca’s area?

A

Inferior third frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe

92
Q

How does Broca’s area help us speak?

A

A vocalization program is formed and transmitted to the muscles of the face, tongue, vocal cords, and pharynx in order to form speech

93
Q

Supplementary motor area. Where is it?

A

Anterior to the primary motor cortex

94
Q

What does the supplementary motor area do

A

Temporal organization of movement, especially in sequential tasks such as speech

Aphasia History (1 decks)

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