APGOVCh.2.Andrea.Cuadros Flashcards
Alexander Hamilton
1789-1795 was a founding father of the united states of America one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the constitution the founder of the national financial system, and 1st American of the political party. establish the national bank.
Anti-Federalists
Opposed to a strong central government; saw undemocratic tendencies in the Constitution and insisted on the inclusion of the Bill of Rights. Included Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and Patrick Henry.
Article I
the U.S. Congress makes the laws for the United States. Congress has two parts, called “Houses,” the House of Representatives and the Senate. (legislative branch)
Article II
the President, Vice-President, Cabinet, and Departments under the Cabinet Secretaries carry out the laws made by Congress. (executive branch)
Article III
the Supreme Court decides court cases according to US Constitution. The courts under the Supreme Court decide criminal and civil court cases according to the correct federal, state, and local laws. (judicial branch)
Article IV
States have the power to make and carry out their own laws. (states powers)
Article V
The Constitution can be changed. New amendments can be added to the US Constitution with the approval of a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress (967,281) and three-fourth vote by the states (38). (Amendments)
Article VI
The Constitution and federal laws are higher than state and local laws. All laws must agree with the US Constitution. (federal powers)
Articles of Confederation
1781-1789 was an agreement among the 13 founding states that established the united states as a confederation served as its 1st constitution. each state agreed to the form of government described in articles of confederation.
Benjamin Franklin
American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. After the success of his Poor Richard’s Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. He negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove.
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments, or additions, to the Constitution which give people important rights such as freedom of speech
checks and balances
Constitutionally mandated structure that gives each of the three branches of government some degree of oversight and control over the actions of others
common sense
a pamphlet was written by Thomas Paine that challenged the authority of the British government to govern the colonies
constitution
A document establishing the structure, functions, and limitations of a government
constitutional convention
The meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that was first intended to revise the articles of confederation but produced an entirely new document, the U.S. Constitution
crispus attacks
An African American and first American to die in what became known as the Boston massacre.
critical period
the chaotic period from 1781 to 1789 after the American revolution during which the former colonies were governed under the articles of confederation
declaration of independence
a document drafted largely by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 that proclaimed the right of the American colonies to separate from Great Britain
electoral college
The system established by the constitution through which the president is chosen by electors from each state, which has as many electoral votes as it has members of Congress
Enumerated Powers
the powers of the national government specifically granted to Congress in Article I, section 8 of the constitution
federalism
the distribution of constitutional authority between state governments and the national government, with different powers and functions exercised by both
federalists
those who favored strong state governments and weak national government; opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution
the federalist papers
a series of eighty-five political essays written by Alexander Hamilton, james Madison and John Jay in support of ratification of the constitution
first continental congress
meeting held in Philadelphia from September 5 to October 26, 1774, in which fifty-six delegates adopted a resolution in opposition to the coercive acts
French and Indian war
the American phase of that was caked the seven years war, fought from 1754 to 1763 between Britain and France with Indian allies
full faith and credit clause
section of article IV of the constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other state
George Washington
widely considered “the father of the nation”, he was the commander of the revolutionary armies; served as the presiding officer of the constitutional convention; and as the first president of the U.S.
Great Compromise
the final decision of the constitutional convention to create a two-house legislature, with the lower house elected by the people and powers divided between the two houses
implied powers
the powers of the national government derived from the enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause
inherent powers
powers that belong to the president because they can be inferred from the constitution
james madison
a key framer often called “ the father of the constitution” for his role in conceptualizing the federal government. co-authored the federalist papers
john jay
a member of the founding generation who was the first chief justice of the united states. a diplomat and co-author of the federalist papers
lexington and concord
the first sites of armed conflict between revolutionaries and British soldiers remembered for the “shot heard round the world” in 1775
mercantilism
an economic theory designed o increase a nations wealth through the development of commercial industry and a favorable balance of trade
montesquieu
The French Baron and political theorist who first articulated the concept of separation of powers with checks and balances
necessary and proper clause
the final paragraph of article I, section 8, of the constitution, which gives Congress the authority to pass all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out the enumerated powers specified in the constitution
new jersey plan
a framework for the constitution proposed by a roup of small states;it called for a noe huse legislature with one voter for each state, a congress with the ability to raise revenue, anda supreme court appointed for life
new world
the western hemisphere of the earth also called the Americas, which was unknown to Europeans before 1492
political culture
commonly shared attitudes, behaviors, and core values about how government should operate
samuel adams
cousin of president John Adams and an early leader against the British and loyalist oppressors; he played a key role in developing the committees of correspondence
second continental congress
meeting that covered
separation of powers
a way of dividing the power of government among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, each staffed separately, with equality and independence of each branch ensured by the constitution
shays rebellion
a rebellion in which an army of 1,500 disgruntled and angry farmers led by Daniel Shays marched to Springfield, Massachusetts, and forcibly restrained the state court from foreclosing mortgages on their farms.
social contract theory
the belief that governments exist based on the consent of the governed
sons and daughters of liberty
male and female organizations that enforced the nonimportation agreements, sometimes by coercive means
stamp act congress
The Congress asked the king to get rid of the taxes, said that Parliament didn’t have the right to tax them, and said that admiralty courts were unfair.
supremacy clause
The clause in United States Constitution’s Article VI, stating that all laws made furthering the Constitution and all treaties made under the authority of the United States are the “supreme law of the land.”
thomas Jefferson
principle drafter of the declaration of independence; second vice president of the U.S.
thomas paine
the writer of common sense, a pamphlet that challenged the authority of the British government to govern
three- fifths compromise
A compromise where every 5 enslaved people counted as 3 in the states population.
virginia plan
a propsed framework for the constitution favoring large states. it called for a bicameral legislature, which would appoint exevutive and judicial offers
