Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Scholars Classes Flashcards > APGOPO - Vocab Test > Flashcards

APGOPO - Vocab Test Flashcards

1
Q

Bureaucracy

A

the departments and agencies within the executive branch that carry out the laws of the nation. Ex. the public health bureaucracy manages Covid-19 issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bureaucrats

A

an official employed within a government bureaucracy. For example, any pillows, blankets, and sheets produced in the US are regulated by bureaucrats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Shadow bureaucrats

A

employees on the payroll of private, for-profit businesses and private non-profit organizations with government contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The cabinet

A

they advise the President on any subject he or she may require relating to the duties of each member’s respective office.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Independent Administrative Agency

A

agencies that, while constitutionally part of the executive branch, are independent of presidential control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Independent Regulatory Commission

A

these agencies are meant to impose and enforce regulations free of political influence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Government Corporation

A

A government agency that operates like a business corporation, created to secure greater freedom of action and flexibility for a particular program.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Executive Office of the President

A

The Executive Office of the President (EOP) consists of the immediate staff to the President, along with entities such as the Office of Management and Budget and the Office of the United States Trade Representative.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Iron triangle

A

consists of interest groups, members of congressional subcommittees, and agency bureaucrats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

issue networks

A

Alliance of many interest groups in order to create a common agenda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Authorization laws

A

Making someone with legal power do something specific for personal benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

appropriation laws

A

The process of setting aside money for different legislation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

administrative discretion

A

Allows politicians to choose different paths in order to do the same thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

administrative rule making

A

administrative agencies adopt rules to further the mandate of the agency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

administrative adjudication

A

Results arguments between two groups in government

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pendleton Act (1883)

A

federal jobs should be awarded through merit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Civil Service Reform Act (1978)

A

Certain government employees have to take exams to be employed To ensure they weren’t just being elected due to political ties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hatch act

A

Limit certain government behaviors like using official authority to interfere with election results.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

patronage system

A

hiring someone based on political partisanship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

merit-based civil service

A

Ensures the proper recruitment of political people by making sure they’re elected based on merit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

representative bureaucracy

A

Bureaucrats with disadvantaged backgrounds can help bring representation to more people in government

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

bureaucratic pathologies

A

Red tape, conflict, duplication, imperialism, and waste cause less effective bureaucracy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bureaucratic discretion

A

The ability of an agency to decide what course of action to take in order to implement laws.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sunshine laws

A

A law requiring certain proceedings of government agencies to be open or available to the public

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

sunset clause

A

A contract and a regulation that will automatically expire on a specific date

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

conflict of interest

A

A situation in which the concerns are aims of two different parties are incompatible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

whistleblower

A

a person who informs on a person or organization engaged in an illicit activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

inspectors general

A

An official in charge of inspecting a particular institution or activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

oversight

A

An unintentional failure to notice or do something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

authorization legalization

A

I type of legislation to authorize activities of the various agencies and programs a part of the federal government

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

approperations

A

A law of Congress that provides an agency with a budget Authority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

committee clearance

A

The ability of a congressional committee to review and approve certain agency decisions in advance and without passing a law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Marbury v. Madison

A

Established judicial review over federal laws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

judicial review

A

The authority of the supreme court to strike down a law or executive action if it conflicts with the constitution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

jurisdiction

A

the official power to make legal decisions and judgments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

original jurisdiction

A

court’s power to hear and decide a case before any appellate review

37
Q

exclusive jurisdiction

A

one court has the power to adjudicate a case to the exclusion of all other courts

38
Q

concurrent jurisdiction

A

Two or more courts have concurrent jurisdiction over a case if all of the courts have the power to hear it.

39
Q

appellate jurisdiction

A

the power of a court to hear appeals from lower courts

40
Q

dual court system

A

state and federal matters are handled separately

41
Q

dual soverignety

A

more than one sovereign may prosecute an individual without violating the prohibition against double jeopardy if the individual’s act breaks the laws of each sovereignty

42
Q

chief justice

A

the presiding judge in a supreme court

43
Q

associate justice

A

the designation given to a justice on a judicial panel who is not the chief justice

44
Q

us district courts

A

the general trial courts of the federal court system

45
Q

us courts of appeals

A

appeals from lower courts of both civil and criminal trials, but do not investigate the facts of a case

46
Q

us supreme court

A

the highest judicial court in the US.

47
Q

common law

A

Common law is Judge made law grounded in Tradition and previous judicial decisions, instead of in written laws.

48
Q

doctrine of stare decisis

A

the doctrine of precedent, under which a court must follow earlier judicial decisions when the same points arise again in litigation

49
Q

precedent cases

A

a decided case that furnishes a basis for determining later cases involving similar facts or issues

50
Q

constitutional laws

A

rights carved out in the federal and state constitutions

51
Q

criminal law

A

Criminal laws the body of law dealing with conduct considered harmful to the peace and safety as of society as a whole even when directed against an individual, which is predominantly under State court jurisdiction

52
Q

“beyond a reasonable doubt”

A

proof that leaves you firmly convinced the defendant is guilty

53
Q

civil laws

A

Civil laws are the body of law dealing with private rights and obligations that are established by voluntary agreements, legislation, constitutions, administrative rules and regulations, or common law which are all under the jurisdiction of the Courts.

54
Q

“Preponderance of evidence”

A

to prove something is more likely than not

55
Q

judicial independence

A

The ability of judges to resist pressure and influence to make impartial decisions

56
Q

descriptive representation

A

A group that elects individuals to represent them based on their characteristics.

57
Q

substantive representation

A

Whether or not certain legislators advocate for their constituents

58
Q

symbolic representation

A

representation based on demographic expression

59
Q

Certiorari petition

A

a petition submitted to the supreme court requesting a review of a case already decided.

60
Q

writ of certiorari

A

“a request to make certain” issued by the higher court. Orders lower courts to make available the documents pf a past case it decided so the higher court can review the case.

61
Q

rule of four

A

The supreme court justices determine if they will hear a case if 4 or more justices want to hear it

62
Q

brief

A

a written legal argument that is presented to a court to aid it in reaching a conclusion on the legal issues involved in the case

63
Q

amicus curiae brief

A

a legal brief filed by an individual or group that is not a party in the case, written to influence the court’s decision

64
Q

solicitor general

A

the law officer directly below the attorney general in the US Department of Justice, responsible for arguing cases before the US Supreme Court.

65
Q

standing

A

a party’s right to make a legal claim or seek judicial enforcement of a duty or right

66
Q

plantiff

A

a person who brings the case to court

67
Q

defendent

A

the person defending themselves against the plaintiff in court

68
Q

class action suit

A

a procedural device that permits one or more plaintiffs to file and prosecute a lawsuit on behalf of a larger group

69
Q

legal model

A

assumes the judge is following the rules and regulations

70
Q

attitudinal model

A

holds that judges decide disputes in light of the facts of the case, given their ideological attitudes and values

71
Q

strategic model

A

judges attempt to rule in a way that the other courts will agree with their ruling

72
Q

opinion of the court

A

An explanation of the decision of the Supreme Court or any other appellate court

73
Q

concurring opinion

A

An opinion that agrees with the majority in a Supreme Court ruling but differs in the reasoning

74
Q

dissenting opinion

A

An opinion disagreeing with a majority in a Supreme Court ruling

75
Q

judicial activism

A

A judicial activist is an approach to judicial decision-making whereby judges are willing to strike down laws made by elected officials and step away from precedents.

76
Q

judicial restraint

A

Judicial restraint is an approach to judicial decision-making whereby judges defer to the democratically elected legislative and executive branches of government.

77
Q

court order

A

directing an official to perform an official duty

78
Q

remedy

A

a judicial order preventing or redressing a wrong or enforcing a right

79
Q

writ of mandamus

A

A court order directing an official to perform an official duty

80
Q

bicameral legislature

A

A 2-house legislation system (HOR and senate)

81
Q

incumbency

A

The current holder of an office or position

82
Q

casework

A

Assistance given to constituents by congressional members, answering questions or doing favors

83
Q

franking

A

Congress is allowed to send material through the mail

84
Q

reapportionment

A

The process of determining the number of representatives for each state using census data. Every 10 years a census is taken to determine the number of representatives one area receives.

85
Q

redistricting

A

states redrawing the boundaries of electoral districts following a census. States with one representative may not do much of this.

86
Q

gerrymandering

A

The intentional use of redistricting to benefit a specific interest or group of voters. Just look at Chicago, or most US states for example.

87
Q

majority-minority districts

A

A district in which voters of a minority ethnicity constitute an electoral majority within that electoral district. Like the 12th NC district after the 1990 census.

88
Q

marginal district

A

Candidates elected into the HOR win by a small majority. Typically this is when they win by less than 55%.

89
Q

safe district

A

Candidates elected into the HOR win by a reasonable majority. Typically this is when they win by at least 60%.

Scholars Classes Flashcards (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions