Apex- Renal Flashcards
At what vertebral levels do the kidneys lay
between T12-L3 in the retroperitoneal space
The kidney can be divided into what 2 parts and what does each contain (4/2)
Renal Cortex
- Glomerulus, bowmans capsule
- Proximale and distal tubules
Renal Medulla
- loop of henle
- collecting duct
(the two things that drop down)

functional unit of the kidney
nephron
What substance is produced by the juxtaglomeular apparatus
renin
Where is erythropoietin synthesized and what is it secreted in response to?
In the kidney
-secreted in response to hypoxia
The kidney produces : (select 3)
- Calcitrol:
- ADH:
- Aldosterone:
- Renin:
- Erythropoietin:
- Angiotensinogen:
-Calcitrol: parathyroid tells kidneys to convert inactive vitamin D3 to active vitamin D3 (calcitrol)
- ADH: supraoptic nuclei and paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalmus- released from posterior pitutiary gland
- Aldosterone: adrenal cortex
-Renin: by the juxtaglomerular apparatus in response to decreased perfusion
-Erythropoietin: secreted in response to hypoxia
-Angiotensinogen: liver
Where is angiotensinogen manufactured
in the liver
Where is aldosterone synthesizied
in the adrenal cortex
Where is ADH produced/released from
produced in the hypothalmus (supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei)
released from posterior pitutiary gland
Where is erythropoietin syntheized
in the kidney
(in response to hypoxia)
What is calcitrol
the active form of vitamin D3
synthesized in the kidney under influence of parathyroid hormone
where is renin produced from?
the kidney - the juxtaglomerular apparatus
What organs are the regulators of acid base balance
lungs and kidney
lungs- rid body of volatile acids (CO2)
kidneys- rid body of non-volatile acids (Bicarb)
someone is anemic bc of chronic kidney diseae - why are they anemic?
bc the kidney produces erythropoietin (stimulates RBC production), less RBCs = less hgb
Renal blood flow decreases ____% per decade after the age of ____
10% /decade after 50yo
In the neonate, RBF doubles when and reaches adult function when
*rule of 2’s
- RBF doubles in first 2 weeks of life
- adult levels by 2 years
Difference between aldosterone and ADH (vasopressin)
aldosterone controlls extracellular fluid volume (sodium and water reabsorption)
ADH manipulates plasma osmolarity (water is absorbed by sodium is not)
T/F- the kidney is capable of phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism
true
Why do people hgb become elevated when “dry”
bc if they are intravascularly dry, the kidneys sense reduced o2 delivery to them, they secrete erythropoietin to make more RBCs, more RBCs = more hemoglobin to try and carry more o2 to the kidneys
Why cant you give NSAIDs to people with impaired renal function
bc they block prostagladins and prostagladins control blood flow to the renal arteries
- PGE2 and PGI2 vasodilate the renal arteries (afferent)
- Thromboxane A2 consticts the renal arteries (efferent)
- blocking this, impairs filtration time
____ & ____ vasodilate the afferent arterioles
_____constricts the efferent arterioles
(prostagladins subtypes)
PGE2 & PGI2 vasodilate
Thromboxane A2- constricts
What is the vitamin D3 that is sythesized by the skin upon exposure to ultraviolet light?
Calciferol (like a feral cat outside)
-it’s INACTIVE
2 ways we get vitamin D
-how does it become activated?
Sunlight (calciferol, skin) & Diet
(both inactive forms)
- liver converts calciferol to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (biotransformation- makes orginal word root longer)
25-hydroxychloecalciferol is converted to
1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) - active form of vitamin D 3
PTH regulates this process - increase serum PTH, increases serium calcitrol level
Active form of Vitamin D3
Calcitriol





