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APES > APES Unit 4 > Flashcards

APES Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

core

A

Dense mass of solid nickel, iron, and radioactive elements that release massive amount of heat

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2
Q

mantle

A

Liquid layer of magma surrounding core, kept liquified by intense heat from core

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3
Q

asthenosphere

A

Solid, flexible, outer layer of mantle, beneath the lithosphere

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4
Q

Lithosphere

A

Thin, brittle, layer of rock floating on top of mantle (broken up into tectonic plates)

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5
Q

crust

A

Very outer layer of the lithosphere, earth’s surface

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6
Q

divergent plate boundary

A

Plates move away from each other
Rising magma plume from mantle forces plates apart
Forms: mid-oceanic ridges, volcanoes, seafloor spreading, and rift valleys (land)
-Convection cycles

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7
Q

convergent plate boundary

A

Plates move towards each other
Leads to subduction (one plate being forced beneath another)
Forms: Mountains, island arcs, earthquakes, and volcanoes
-Subduction zone

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8
Q

transform fault plate boundary

A

Plates slide past each other in opposite directions
Forms: earthquakes

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9
Q

oceanic-oceanic subduction

A

one plate subducts underneath another
- forces magma up to lithosphere surface, forming mid ocean volcanoes
- island arcs
- off-shore trench

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10
Q

oceanic-continental subduction

A

dense oceanic plate subducts beneath cont plate and melts back into magma
- forces magma up to lithosphere surface
- coastal mtns (andes), land volcanoes, trenches, tsunamis

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11
Q

continental-continental subduction

A

One plate subducts underneath another, forcing surface crust upward (mtns)
ex: Himalayas

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12
Q

transform fault boundary

A

plates sliding past each other in opp directions creates a fault
Earthquakes

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13
Q

Ring of Fire

A

pattern of volcanoes all around pacific plate

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14
Q

hotspots

A

areas of esp hot magma rising up to lithosphere (mid ocean islands)

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15
Q

Soil

A

Mix of geologic and organic components (sand, silt, clay)

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16
Q

Weathering

A

Breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces
Physical, biological, chemical
Weathering = soil formation

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17
Q

Erosion

A

transport of weathered rock fragments by wind and rain
carried to new location and deposited (deposition)

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18
Q

O horizon

A

Layer of organic matter on top of soil. Provides nutrients and limits h2o loss to evap.

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19
Q

A horizon

A

AKA topsoil, layer of humus and minerals from parent material. Most biological activity breaking down organic matter to release nutrients.

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20
Q

B horizon

A

Subsoil, lighter layer below topsoil, mostly made of minerals with little to no organic matter. Contains some nutrients

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21
Q

C horizon

A

Least weathered soil that is closest to parent material, sometimes called bedrock

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22
Q

compaction

A

Compression of soil by machines
Reduces ability to hold moisture
dry soil erodes more easily, supports less plant growth, less root structure

23
Q

nutrient depletion

A

Repeatedly growing crops on the same soil removes key nutrients (N, P, K, Na, Mg) over time
reduces ability to grow future crops

24
Q

porosity

A

Amount of pore space soil has.
More sand = higher porosity
More clay = less porosity

25
Q

permeability

A

How easily water drains through a soil.
More porous = more permeable (positive relationship)

26
Q

h2o holding capacity

A

how well water is retained, or held by a soil
more porous = lower h2o holding capacity (inverse relationship)

27
Q

factors that increase soil nutrients

A

Organic matter (releases nutrients)
Humus (holds and releases nutrients)
decomposer activity (recycles nutrients)
clay (neg charge binds pos charge)
bases (calcium carbonate - limestone)

28
Q

factors that decrease soil nutrients

A

acids leach pos charge nutrients
excessive rain/irr leeches nutrients
excessive farming depletes nutrients
topsoil erosion

29
Q

nitrogen

A

mostly in the form of N2 (unuseable to plants without being fixed)

30
Q

oxygen

A

Produced by photosynthesis in plants and needed for respiration

31
Q

argon

A

inert, noble gas

32
Q

water vapor

A

Varies by region and conditions, acts as a temporary GHG, but less concerning than CO2
quickly cycles through atm

33
Q

CO2

A

Most important GHG, leads to global warming
Removed from atm by photosynthesis

34
Q

exosphere

A

Outermost layer where atm merges with space

35
Q

thermosphere

A

absorbs harmful xrays and UV radiation
charged gas molecules glow under intense solar radiation producing northern lights (aurora borealis)
temp increases due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation (hottest place on earth)

36
Q

mesosphere

A

60-80 km, even less dense
temp decreases bc density decreases, leaving fewer molecules to absorb sun
coldest place on earth

37
Q

stratosphere

A

“S” for second
16-60 km, less dense due to less pressure from layers above
thickest O3 layer found here, absorbs UV rays
temp increases bc top layer of stratosphere is warmed by UV rays (pool surface)

38
Q

troposphere

A

Weather occurs here, 0-16 km, most dense due to pressure of other layers above
most of atm gas molecules found here
O3 here harmful to humans and forms smog
temp decreases as air gets further from warmth of earth’s surface

39
Q

coriolis effect

A

Deflection of objects traveling through atm due to spin of earth

40
Q

solar intensity and season

A

orbit of earth around sun and tilt on axis changes angle of sun’s rays
varying insolation, varying length of day, and seasons
tilt of earth’s axis stays fixed during orbit
June and Dec solstices: N/S hemisphere maximally tilted toward sun (summer/winter)
March and Sept equinoxes: N/S hemisphere equally facing sun

41
Q

March equinox

A

equator receives most direct insolation
N and S hemisphere get 12 hours of sunlight
spring in N/fall in S

42
Q

June solstice

A

N tilted max toward sun
Longest day in N (start of summer)
Shortest day in S (winter)

43
Q

December solstice

A

S hem tilted max toward sun
Longest day in S (start of summer)
Shortest day in N (start of winter)

44
Q

September equinox

A

Equator receives most direct insolation
N and S hemisphere get 12 hours sunlight
Fall in N/Spring in S

45
Q

albedo

A

proportion of light that is reflected by a surface
higher/less heat, lower/more heat

46
Q

urban heat island

A

Urban areas hotter than surrounding rural area due to low albedo of blacktop

47
Q

Rain shadows

A

Warm, moist air from ocean hits “windward” side of mtn, rises, cools –> lush, green vegetation

Dry air descends down “leeward” side, warming as it sinks –> arid desert conditions

48
Q

insolation

A

The amount of solar radiation and energy that reaches earth’s surface

49
Q

gyres

A

Large ocean circulation patterns due to global wind (clockwise N, counterclockwise S hemisphere)

50
Q

upwelling zones

A

areas of ocean where winds blow warm surface water away from a land mass, drawing up colder, deeper water to replace
brings O2 and nutrients to surface –> productive fishing

51
Q

thermohaline circulation

A

connects all of world’s oceans, mixing salt, nutrients, and temperature throughout
warm water from Gulf of Mexico moves toward North Pole
cools and evaporates as it moves toward poles
saltier and colder water @ poles, is more dense, making it sink
spreads along ocean floor
rises back into shallow warm ocean current @ upwelling zones

52
Q

El Nino

A

warmer, rainier
suppressed upwelling and less productive fisheries in SA
warmer winter in much of NA
increased precip and flooding in Americas (W esp)
drought in SE Asia and Australia
decreased hurricane activity in atl ocean
weakened monsoon activity in India and SE Asia

53
Q

La Nina

A

cooler, drier
stronger upwelling and better fisheries in SA than normal
worse tornado activity in US and hurricane activity in atl
cooler, drier weather in Americas
rainier, warmer, increased monsoons in SE Asia

APES (1 decks)

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