apes semester 1 final Flashcards
explain the concept of ecosystem boundaries
they are subjective - can be determined by topography, abiotic, and biotic components
photosynthesis + respiration
1. define it
2. what cycle
sun energy is captured and made into organic molecules like glucose. glucose is made into energy. the main part of the fast section of the carbon cycle
what is the order of the trophic levels, starting from producers
producers, primary consumer, secondary, tertiary, decomposers
quantify ecosystem productivity
GPP-RL= NPP
explain how the transfer of energy works in trophic levels
the second law of thermodynamics states that when energy is transferred, some of it is lost as heat. this is why only 10% of energy goes to the next level
scavengers, decomposers, detritivores
they break down organisms that are dead and release their nutrients back into the environment and into the soil.
recycles nutrients
The mistletoe is a plant that can photosynthesize but also requires nutrients from the tree it grows on. what relationship is this
parasite because it is taking nutrients
Pollination of wildflowers by honeybees, wherein the honeybees obtain nutrients and the wildflowers receive aid for reproduction, is an example of which type of symbiotic relationship?
mutualism - both benefit
two hartebeests are fighting for food. what type of competition is this
intraspecific competition - within a species
interspecific vs intraspecific
interspecific - between 2 diff species
intraspecific - between the same species
Which of the following terms best describes an organism’s habitat as well as the role it plays in its environment through its interactions with biotic and abiotic factors?
A Evolution
B Trophic level
C Niche
D Community
niche
Whale barnacles spend most of their lives attached to the flesh of various baleen whale species. One such species is the humpback whale. Some humpback whale individuals have been known to have up to 450 kg 450 kg of barnacles attached to their bodies. Whale barnacles are filter feeders and will feed on the same plankton that their humpback whale hosts are hunting. The barnacles may increase drag as the whale swims, but otherwise the whale is not impacted by the barnacles’ presence. What kind of ecological relationship does this describe?
commensalism
When an interaction benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other, the interaction is classified as
commensalism
Which of the following is the BEST example of competitive exclusion?
A a red, male C. cardinalis competes for the same resource as the tan, female C. cardinalis , causing the female to go extinct.
B When one species of warbler evolves to consume resources that are different than a similar species of warbler within the same ecological niche.
C A tan, female C. cardinalis outcompetes a red, male C. cardinalis for the same resource within the same niche.
D P. aurelia and P. caudatum compete for the same resource and both populations decrease.
D P. aurelia and P. caudatum compete for the same resource and both populations decrease.
competitive exclusion :
two species that compete for the same limited resource cannot coexist
this is y competition is bad for both species
The three-toed sloth lives high up in rainforest tree canopies, reaching the full leaves and basking in the warmth of the sun. Sloths blend in with the forest canopy because they have a greenish color due to algae growing on their fur. The algae do not harm the sloth. what relationship is this
mutualistic
which best describes parasites
A Parasites are usually within the same taxonomic order as their hosts.
B Parasites must live inside their hosts.
C Parasites are always microscopic.
D Parasites do not immediately kill their hosts.
D Parasites do not immediately kill their hosts.
–> this is bc they need the host to live so that they can use the hosts body
The Narrowmouth Catshark and the Spiny Dogfish shark are species with overlapping fundamental niches in the South Atlantic.
As a result, the Narrowmouth Catshark occupies a realized niche that feeds on benthic fish and crustaceans, while the realized niche of the Spiny Dogfish includes feeding on pelagic school fish. This scenario BEST illustrates which species interaction?
resource partitioning bc they changed their habits bc of their competition
Red-tailed Hawks and Barred Owls often forage in the same locations and for the same rodent prey. However, the hawks hunt during the day while the owls hunt at night. This is an example of
resource partitioning
Which of the following is NOT an example of symbiotic relationship?
A The abundance of marine biodiversity and oceanic depth.
B Zooxanthellae algae and coral.
C Botfly larvae and cow.
D Tapeworm and human.
D Tapeworm and human.
sybiotic relationships (theres 3)
mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
at least 1 organism has to be benefited
A primatologist is studying the interactions between marmosets and spider monkeys in the Brazilian rainforest. She records several instances of conflict over the same piece of fruit. What type of interaction would this BEST represent?
interspecific competition
Which of the following biomes has all of the following characteristics?
Warm temperatures year-round
Alternating dry and wet seasons
Ample grasses
Widely scattered clumps of trees that support herds of herbivores
savannah
Groups of different species living in the same area and interacting with one another is called a(n)
community
The tundra is a biome found primarily in northern latitudes and is characterized by many months of below-freezing temperatures. As our climate warms, which of the following projected changes will be observed in the tundra biome?
A A decrease in the overall size and location of tundra biomes.
B A decrease in the amount of methane released from melting permafrost.
C A decrease in the amount of usable land in northern latitudes.
D An increase in the amount of reliable freshwater supplies that result from yearly snowmelt.
A A decrease in the overall size and location of tundra biomes.
Which of the following has the largest area of old-growth forests in the United States?
A Alaska.
B Washington.
C Oregon.
D Vermont.
alaska
What is the BEST example of a temperate biome that is too dry for forests and too moist for deserts to occur?
A Tundra.
B Temperate forest.
C Taiga.
D Temperate grasslands.
D Temperate grasslands.
Of the following biomes, which MOST likely has leaf litter, maple and oak trees, understory shrubs, small mammals, songbirds, and white-tailed deer?
temperate deciduous forest
which isn’t a characteristic of tropical rainforests
A Dense vegetation.
B Quick decomposition of organic material.
C Consistently high temperatures.
D High soil nutrients.
D High soil nutrients.
The world grows enough food to feed everyone on the planet but a large number of people suffer from malnutrition and undernutrition. All of the following explain why people are malnourished or undernourished EXCEPT
A people do not have enough money to buy the food they need.
B political unrest makes it difficult to get adequate food supplies to people in the war zone.
C a shortage of fertilizers in the developing world limits the amount of food that can be grown.
D a large portion of the grains we grow is diverted to feed livestock.
C a shortage of fertilizers in the developing world limits the amount of food that can be grown.
Which of the following biomes would be expected to have the lowest biodiversity?
desert
All of the following are TRUE of soils in the tropical rainforests EXCEPT
A rainforest soils are rich in organic topsoil, which allows for lush growth.
B nutrients are quickly depleted when the flora is removed.
C nutrients leach into deeper layers due to heavy rainfall.
D rainforest soils have very little humus content.
A rainforest soils are rich in organic topsoil, which allows for lush growth.
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of desert plants for their environment?
A Toxins released into the soil near their roots to prevent competition
B Spines to discourage herbivory
C Opening their stomata only during the day
D Reduced or no leaves
C Opening their stomata only during the day
Of all the water resources on Earth, what percentage is saline?
97
Which of the following statements is correct in regards to the deep ocean circulation of water in the ocean?
A The deep ocean circulation of water is called the ocean conveyor belt and is caused by the differences in temperature and salinity.
B The deep ocean circulation of water is caused by hydrothermal vents that emit large amounts of hot, mineral rich water.
C The deep ocean circulation of water is caused by convection currents in water that allow cold water to rise and warm water to sink.
D The deep ocean circulation of water is called an ocean gyre and is caused by differences in wind movement and salinity.
A The deep ocean circulation of water is called the ocean conveyor belt and is caused by the differences in temperature and salinity.
The highest salinity surface water would be expected in which climate zone?
A Subtropical.
B Tropical.
C Polar.
D Temperate.
subtropical bc of sm evaporation, which leaves the salt behind in the water
Which of the following choices best describes the processes by which Earth’s ocean gained its dissolved compounds?
A Upwelling and deposition
B Upwelling and erosion
C Erosion and deposition
D Weathering and runoff
runoff bc it carries materials into bodies of water
chemical weathering breaks down materials, which makes them enter water
fossil carbon example
fossil fuels like coal and oil
modern carbon example
carbon taken in by photosynthesis
where is most carbon stored
ocean sediments
Which of the following types of plants is MOST likely to contain nitrogen fixing bacteria?
A Oak tree.
B Corn plant.
C Pine tree.
D Peanut bush.
peanut bush
bc its a legume
what gas composes of most of the atmosphere
n2
A farmer analyzes the quality of his soil and determines it is lower in nitrogen than he would prefer. Instead of using organic or synthetic fertilizer, what could he do to increase the levels of nitrogen?
A Add large limestone rocks between the rows of his crops.
B Increase the frequency of irrigation.
C Plant legumes between the rows of his crops.
D Decrease the frequency of pesticide use
C Plant legumes between the rows of his crops.
Which of the following biogeochemical cycles does NOT contain a molecule in a gaseous state?
phosphorus
Which of the following is the LARGEST phosphorus sink?
rock
The driving force of the movement of water in the hydrologic cycle is
A the ocean.
B the gravitational pull of the moon.
C the sun.
D runoff.
sun
All of the following are direct effects of runoff into the ocean EXCEPT
A volume of ocean water.
B turbidity.
C rate of evaporation.
D excess of nutrients.
evaporation
what processes cause genetic diversity (2 answers)
a. natural selection
b. mutation
c. allele division
d. recombination
b + d
what can increase runoff
increased numbers of buildings (impervious surfaces)
order of the atmospheric layers
troposphere, stratosphere (ozone), mesosphere thermosphere, exosphere
what causes unequal heating (choose 3)
a. differences in the angles of suns rays
b. distance from the sun
c. albedo
4. amt of atmosphere
a, b, d
how does earths tilt affect the seasonal temp changes
the tilt changes the angle of sunlight at specific latitudes, so it shifts from cancer to capricorn
adiabatic cooling
the cooling affect of less pressure on warm air as it rises and expands, which causes it to cool and sink
adiabatic heating
the heating affect of increased pressure on cold air as it sinks, causing it to heat up and rise
latent heat release
heat is released during condensation
theory of island biogeography
species richness increases with larger island size and closer from the mainland
primary succession
happens on bare rock
secondary succession
in disturbed areas w/ soil
aquatic succession
aquatic –> land
Primary succession can happen when mud is colonized by plants. Over a period of years the pond may steadily lose the open water as vegetation takes over + become land
what determines the factors of species diversity
(4 of them)
latitude
time
closer to mainland
bigger
equator
range of tolerance is…
the range of a single abiotic factors a species can handle
fundamental niche
all abiotic components an animal can handle
realized niche
abiotic and biotic components
tragedy of commons
when a shard resource is depleted bc ppl acted in self interest for short term gain
externality
cost/ benefit that affects ppl who are not doing something
urban sprawl
ppl go to suburbs bc of highways, government incentives, lower costs, and urban blight ( ppl leave -> degradion of city -> more ppl leave)
what has the focus on increased yeilds caused
a decrease in biodiversity domestically - ppl only breed the most economically beneficial animals
what animal group is declining the most
amphibians
intrinsic value
the ecosystem holds value independant of humans
provisioning service
direct material from ecosystems
regulating services
balance ecosystem so we dont have to
supporting services
processes that save money
how does the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services affect humans
makes things more expensive
what are the main causes of loss of biodiversity
H - habitat loss
I - invasives
P- pollution
P- population
C- climate change
O- overharvesting
why does climate change lead to habitat loss
it changes the distribution of biomes, which causes species to die if they cant adapt
identify the causes and consequences of el nino
caused : reversal of trade winds e->w
consequences: reduced upwelling and fishing in SA, drought in asia, flooding in SA
contrast the effects of density dependant and density independent factors
density dependant factors affect pops based on their size, ex food scarcity will have a more drastic affect on large pops
and density independent factors affects pops regardless of size, ex natural disaster will decrease pop no matter what
explain the exponential growth model
if conditions were perfect, species would grow exponentially
describe how the logistic growth model has carrying capacity
more realistic - includes the density - dependant factors that limit pop growth at a point , after 1/2 carrying capacity, growth slows
compare the 3 types of survivorship curves
type I
type II
type III
type I- k selected and high early survivorship, gets lower as organisms grow old
type 2- linearly decreases
type 3- r-selected, low survivorship early on
explain the drivers of population growth - what causes pop growth in humans
increased TFR, less DR, more BR, high replacement level fertility
how can you calculate population size
(births + immigrants) - (deaths + emmigrants)
an age structure diagram of a developing country will most likely look like…
a pyramid, with a growing number of young individuals bc of pop growth
what is the doubling time of a pop calculated by
70 / %growth rate
how does the demographic transition model follow the stages of economic development?
as economy gets better, theres more money, education, family planning, and contraceptives
these things all help countries become more industrialized, and can help determine their stage in the DTM
what is the ipat equation
impact = population x affluence x tech
what are the risk factors for human chronic diseases
low income:
high income:
low: unsafe conditions, malnutrition, poverty-caused death
high: lifestyle based death like low activity and poor nutrition
describe the progression of fossil fuel use as a country becomes more developed
as countries have more money to buy FF, they use more nonrenewables
why are different forms of energy best suited for certain purposes
some are more efficient for specific purposes- ex oil is better for cars bc its light and easily transportable
how is electricity generated (describe process)
coal = pulverized, burnt, heats water, the water turns to steam, turbine. generator, electricity, distribution
how is fission used in nuclear power plants
neutron hits u-235 and splits atoms apart. the split causes heat to b released nd used to heat water
describe the various forms of biomass
common in developing countries
ethanol + diesel -
what type of succession is a volcanic eruption
primary bc of rock
is disease density dependant or independant
dependant
how to calc crude birth rate
birth rate / total pop x 1000
why do we have seasons
earths tilt
