apes semester 1 final Flashcards
explain the concept of ecosystem boundaries
they are subjective - can be determined by topography, abiotic, and biotic components
photosynthesis + respiration
1. define it
2. what cycle
sun energy is captured and made into organic molecules like glucose. glucose is made into energy. the main part of the fast section of the carbon cycle
what is the order of the trophic levels, starting from producers
producers, primary consumer, secondary, tertiary, decomposers
quantify ecosystem productivity
GPP-RL= NPP
explain how the transfer of energy works in trophic levels
the second law of thermodynamics states that when energy is transferred, some of it is lost as heat. this is why only 10% of energy goes to the next level
scavengers, decomposers, detritivores
they break down organisms that are dead and release their nutrients back into the environment and into the soil.
recycles nutrients
The mistletoe is a plant that can photosynthesize but also requires nutrients from the tree it grows on. what relationship is this
parasite because it is taking nutrients
Pollination of wildflowers by honeybees, wherein the honeybees obtain nutrients and the wildflowers receive aid for reproduction, is an example of which type of symbiotic relationship?
mutualism - both benefit
two hartebeests are fighting for food. what type of competition is this
intraspecific competition - within a species
interspecific vs intraspecific
interspecific - between 2 diff species
intraspecific - between the same species
Which of the following terms best describes an organism’s habitat as well as the role it plays in its environment through its interactions with biotic and abiotic factors?
A Evolution
B Trophic level
C Niche
D Community
niche
Whale barnacles spend most of their lives attached to the flesh of various baleen whale species. One such species is the humpback whale. Some humpback whale individuals have been known to have up to 450 kg 450 kg of barnacles attached to their bodies. Whale barnacles are filter feeders and will feed on the same plankton that their humpback whale hosts are hunting. The barnacles may increase drag as the whale swims, but otherwise the whale is not impacted by the barnacles’ presence. What kind of ecological relationship does this describe?
commensalism
When an interaction benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other, the interaction is classified as
commensalism
Which of the following is the BEST example of competitive exclusion?
A a red, male C. cardinalis competes for the same resource as the tan, female C. cardinalis , causing the female to go extinct.
B When one species of warbler evolves to consume resources that are different than a similar species of warbler within the same ecological niche.
C A tan, female C. cardinalis outcompetes a red, male C. cardinalis for the same resource within the same niche.
D P. aurelia and P. caudatum compete for the same resource and both populations decrease.
D P. aurelia and P. caudatum compete for the same resource and both populations decrease.
competitive exclusion :
two species that compete for the same limited resource cannot coexist
this is y competition is bad for both species
The three-toed sloth lives high up in rainforest tree canopies, reaching the full leaves and basking in the warmth of the sun. Sloths blend in with the forest canopy because they have a greenish color due to algae growing on their fur. The algae do not harm the sloth. what relationship is this
mutualistic
which best describes parasites
A Parasites are usually within the same taxonomic order as their hosts.
B Parasites must live inside their hosts.
C Parasites are always microscopic.
D Parasites do not immediately kill their hosts.
D Parasites do not immediately kill their hosts.
–> this is bc they need the host to live so that they can use the hosts body
The Narrowmouth Catshark and the Spiny Dogfish shark are species with overlapping fundamental niches in the South Atlantic.
As a result, the Narrowmouth Catshark occupies a realized niche that feeds on benthic fish and crustaceans, while the realized niche of the Spiny Dogfish includes feeding on pelagic school fish. This scenario BEST illustrates which species interaction?
resource partitioning bc they changed their habits bc of their competition
Red-tailed Hawks and Barred Owls often forage in the same locations and for the same rodent prey. However, the hawks hunt during the day while the owls hunt at night. This is an example of
resource partitioning
Which of the following is NOT an example of symbiotic relationship?
A The abundance of marine biodiversity and oceanic depth.
B Zooxanthellae algae and coral.
C Botfly larvae and cow.
D Tapeworm and human.
D Tapeworm and human.
sybiotic relationships (theres 3)
mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
at least 1 organism has to be benefited
A primatologist is studying the interactions between marmosets and spider monkeys in the Brazilian rainforest. She records several instances of conflict over the same piece of fruit. What type of interaction would this BEST represent?
interspecific competition
Which of the following biomes has all of the following characteristics?
Warm temperatures year-round
Alternating dry and wet seasons
Ample grasses
Widely scattered clumps of trees that support herds of herbivores
savannah
Groups of different species living in the same area and interacting with one another is called a(n)
community
The tundra is a biome found primarily in northern latitudes and is characterized by many months of below-freezing temperatures. As our climate warms, which of the following projected changes will be observed in the tundra biome?
A A decrease in the overall size and location of tundra biomes.
B A decrease in the amount of methane released from melting permafrost.
C A decrease in the amount of usable land in northern latitudes.
D An increase in the amount of reliable freshwater supplies that result from yearly snowmelt.
A A decrease in the overall size and location of tundra biomes.
Which of the following has the largest area of old-growth forests in the United States?
A Alaska.
B Washington.
C Oregon.
D Vermont.
alaska
What is the BEST example of a temperate biome that is too dry for forests and too moist for deserts to occur?
A Tundra.
B Temperate forest.
C Taiga.
D Temperate grasslands.
D Temperate grasslands.
Of the following biomes, which MOST likely has leaf litter, maple and oak trees, understory shrubs, small mammals, songbirds, and white-tailed deer?
temperate deciduous forest
which isn’t a characteristic of tropical rainforests
A Dense vegetation.
B Quick decomposition of organic material.
C Consistently high temperatures.
D High soil nutrients.
D High soil nutrients.
The world grows enough food to feed everyone on the planet but a large number of people suffer from malnutrition and undernutrition. All of the following explain why people are malnourished or undernourished EXCEPT
A people do not have enough money to buy the food they need.
B political unrest makes it difficult to get adequate food supplies to people in the war zone.
C a shortage of fertilizers in the developing world limits the amount of food that can be grown.
D a large portion of the grains we grow is diverted to feed livestock.
C a shortage of fertilizers in the developing world limits the amount of food that can be grown.
Which of the following biomes would be expected to have the lowest biodiversity?
desert
All of the following are TRUE of soils in the tropical rainforests EXCEPT
A rainforest soils are rich in organic topsoil, which allows for lush growth.
B nutrients are quickly depleted when the flora is removed.
C nutrients leach into deeper layers due to heavy rainfall.
D rainforest soils have very little humus content.
A rainforest soils are rich in organic topsoil, which allows for lush growth.
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of desert plants for their environment?
A Toxins released into the soil near their roots to prevent competition
B Spines to discourage herbivory
C Opening their stomata only during the day
D Reduced or no leaves
C Opening their stomata only during the day
Of all the water resources on Earth, what percentage is saline?
97
Which of the following statements is correct in regards to the deep ocean circulation of water in the ocean?
A The deep ocean circulation of water is called the ocean conveyor belt and is caused by the differences in temperature and salinity.
B The deep ocean circulation of water is caused by hydrothermal vents that emit large amounts of hot, mineral rich water.
C The deep ocean circulation of water is caused by convection currents in water that allow cold water to rise and warm water to sink.
D The deep ocean circulation of water is called an ocean gyre and is caused by differences in wind movement and salinity.
A The deep ocean circulation of water is called the ocean conveyor belt and is caused by the differences in temperature and salinity.
The highest salinity surface water would be expected in which climate zone?
A Subtropical.
B Tropical.
C Polar.
D Temperate.
subtropical bc of sm evaporation, which leaves the salt behind in the water
Which of the following choices best describes the processes by which Earth’s ocean gained its dissolved compounds?
A Upwelling and deposition
B Upwelling and erosion
C Erosion and deposition
D Weathering and runoff
runoff bc it carries materials into bodies of water
chemical weathering breaks down materials, which makes them enter water
fossil carbon example
fossil fuels like coal and oil
modern carbon example
carbon taken in by photosynthesis
