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STUDY GUIDE FOR ALL CLASSES > APES midterm > Flashcards

APES midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Holistic

A

Emphasizing the importance of the whole and the interdependence of its parts

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2
Q

Open Systems

A

Both matter and energy are exchanged in its boundary

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3
Q

Closed Systems

A

Energy is exchanged, but not matter

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4
Q

Isolated Systems

A

Neither energy nor matter is exchanged

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5
Q

Transformation

A

It changes the form or state of a substance

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6
Q

Entropy

A

Refers to disorder and is the Second Law of Thermodynamics

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7
Q

Abiotic components

A

Nonliving
Water, Air, Sunlight

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8
Q

Biotic components

A

Living
Animals, Plants, Microbes

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9
Q

Autotrophs (producers)

A

Self feeding; plants

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10
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Feeds off other organisms ; humans, animals, etc

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11
Q

Herbivores
(primary consumer)

A

Organisms that eat only plants,/
; deer, rabbits, etc

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12
Q

Carnivores
(secondary consumer)

A

Organisms that eat other organisms,
; lions

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13
Q

Omnivores
(tertiary consumer)

A

Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms,
; humans,

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14
Q

Deciduous Forest

A

Drop leaves after the growing season;

  • Moderate in temperature and precipitation
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15
Q

Grassland

A

Mainly grass life;

  • Moderate in temperature and precipitation
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16
Q

Biome

A

Terrestrial regions inhabited by certain types of life

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17
Q

Climate

A

Long-term patterns of weather

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18
Q

What two conditions define climate

A

Temperature and Precipitation

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19
Q

Species

A

A group of interbreeding populations

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20
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The maximum population that an ecosystem/environment can support

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21
Q

Which part of the Earth is the largest

A

Mantle

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22
Q

Lithosphere

A

Is formed in the crust and rigid upper mantle.
- Creates 13 tectonic plates;

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23
Q

Outer core

A

Mostly composed of liquid iron and nickel

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24
Q

Inner core

A

Hot dense ball of (mostly iron) - Solids

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25
Q

Divergent Boundaries

A

Regions when two tectonic plates are moving apart.

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26
Q

Convergent Boundaries

A

Regions where two tectonic plates are moving toward each other

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27
Q

Transform Boundaries

A

Region where two plates slide horizontally past each other.

28
Q

What is the name of the opening that magma erupts through?

A

Vent

29
Q

Shield volcanoes

A

Has a wide base and gently sloping sides

30
Q

Orogeny

A

Mountain building

31
Q

Condensation

A

Water molecules rejoin to form liquid water or ice.

  • (If it doesn’t reach the ground, it is considered condensation)
32
Q

Precipitation

A

Any form of moisture condensing in the air and depositing on the ground.

  • If the water touches the ground, it is considered precipitation
33
Q

Transpiration

A

The loss of water vapor from the cells within the leaves of plants

34
Q

Evaporation

A

Molecules of water leave the liquid state and enter the vapor or gaseous state.

  • Absorb energy from sunlight
  • Comes from the stream, ocean, water)
35
Q

Infiltration

A

The process in which water soaks into the soil as opposed to running off the surface.

36
Q

What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen

37
Q

What is Ozone formed from?

A

Oxygen

38
Q

What is the lowest layer of the atmosphere?

A

Troposphere

39
Q

Convection

A

The method of heat transfer that involves currents within a fluid

40
Q

Which layer of atmosphere does weather occur?

A

Troposphere

41
Q

Rain shadow

A

The process of the leeward (right side of the mountain) not receiving moisture from the windward (left side of the mountain).
- It is a dry region

42
Q

Hadley cells

A

A convection current that cycles between the equator (tropical rainforest) and 30 degrees N and S (desert) latitude.

  • They are one of the primary drivers of the trade winds, which are crucial for marine navigation and have a significant impact on regional climates.
43
Q

Earth’s axis location and purpose

A

The Earth’s axis is tilted at 23.5 degree

  • Causes the season
44
Q

Albedo effect

A

The ability of a surface to reflect sunlight

  • For example; A white surface has a high albedo, and a dark surface has a low albedo
45
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Decreases with altitude

46
Q

Coriolis effect

A

The deflection of an object’s path due to the rotation of the Earth

  • In the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis effect causes moving objects to be deflected to the right of their intended path, while in the Southern Hemisphere, it causes deflection to the left.
47
Q

What are prevailing winds produced by?

A

A combination of convection currents and the Coriolis effect.

48
Q

Photosynthesis formula

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + SOLAR ENERGY —-> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Or in other words;

(carbon dioxide) + (water) —–> (glucose) + (oxygen)

49
Q

Tragedy of the Commons

A

The tragedy of the commons happens when people use up shared resources too quickly, so future generations don’t have enough left.

  • For example, when humans cut down forests but don’t replant trees, future generations will have fewer trees. This will lead to less clean air and fewer habitats for animals because there are fewer trees.
50
Q

Mutualism

A

When both species benefit from each other

  • Example; bees and flower
51
Q

Community of organisms

A

All species in a given area

52
Q

Intrinsic growth rate

A

Under ideal conditions, with unlimited resources, the maximum potential for growth

53
Q

Population size formula

A

Crude birth rate (CBR) + Immigration - Crude death rate (CDR) + Emigration

54
Q

Density-dependent regulation

A

Matters how many individuals are in the population

55
Q

Density-independent regulation

A

Does not matter how many individuals are in the population

56
Q

Keystone species

A

A species that plays a role in its community that is far more important than its relative abundance might suggest

  • Basically very important to its ecosystem
57
Q

From what conditions does a pioneer species develop?

A

In a disturbed or barren land

58
Q

K-strategist characteristics

A
  • Long lifespan
  • Fewer offspring, yet large in sizes
  • Look at pg 13 from population slides*
59
Q

R-strategist characteristics

A
  • Short lifespan
  • Many offspring, yet small in sizes

Look at pg 13 from population slides

60
Q

What is the most common species distribution pattern?

A

Clumped

61
Q

Type I survivorship curve

A

Higher mortality for older

62
Q

Resource partitioning

A

2 species divide resources

63
Q

Total fertility rate (TFR)

A

Average number of children born to women in a population

64
Q

What is a country’s influence on the environment motivated by?

A

Population, technology, and nature

65
Q

Malthus theory

A

The food supply will eventually run out, while the human population will keep growing

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