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APES 150 > APES 150 > Flashcards

APES 150 Flashcards

1
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

energy is neither created nor destroyed, may be converted from one form to another

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2
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is degraded into lower-quality energy (usually heat) Entropy is increased

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3
Q

High-quality energy

A

organized and concentrated, able to perform useful work (ex: oil and nuclear)

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4
Q

Low-quality energy

A

disorganized dispersed (ex: heat)

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5
Q

Units of energy

A

joules, calories, kilocalories, BTU’s, kilowatt-hours

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6
Q

Power

A

the rate of doing work. Units of power: watts and kilowatts

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7
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

a form of energy, travel as waves-radio waves, IR, visible light, UV, gamma ray

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8
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

has enough energy to knock electrons from atoms, forming ions, and capable of doing damage to DNA. (Gamma rays, X-rays, UV)

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9
Q

Radioactive decay

A

unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha and beta particles

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10
Q

Half-life

A

the time it takes for ½ of the mass of a radioisotope to decay

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11
Q

Estimate of how long a radioisotope must be stored until it has decayed to a safe level

A

10 half-lives

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12
Q

Nuclear fission

A

nuclei of isotopes are split apart into smaller nuclei; used in nuclear reactors

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13
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

2 isotopes of light elements are forced together at high temperatures; not technologically available now

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14
Q

Parts of hydrologic (water) cycle

A

evaporation (transpiration), condensation, precipitation

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15
Q

The fate of precipitation

A

runoff or infiltration, percolation

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16
Q

Aquifer

A

underground water-bearing layer Water table- the upper surface of groundwater

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17
Q

Cone of depression

A

lowering of the water table around a pumping well

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18
Q

Saltwater intrusion

A

over-pumping of groundwater near the coast causes saltwater to move into an aquifer

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19
Q

Ways to conserve water

A

Agriculture- drip irrigation
industry- recycling,
home use- fix leaks, use gray water, low flow fixtures

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20
Q

Distribution of water on Earth

A

97% seawater, 2% in icecaps and glaciers, <1% in groundwater, surface, organism, and atmosphere

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21
Q

Carbon

A

component of all organic molecules

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22
Q

The largest reservoir of carbon

A

sedimentary rocks, second the ocean

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23
Q

Photosynthesis

A

the process by which plants convert CO2 to carbohydrates, removes C from the atmosphere

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24
Q

Cellular respiration

A

organisms break down carbohydrates; releases energy, returns C to the atmosphere

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25
Q

Processes that releases C back into the atmosphere

A

cellular respiration and decomposition, fires, burning fossil fuels, volcanoes

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26
Q

Carbon-silicate cycle

A

very slow, geological cycle, C in oceans used by marine organisms, end up in ocean sediments and are subducted into Earth’s crust, eventually returned through volcanic venting

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27
Q

Nitrogen

A

component of proteins and amino acids

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28
Q

The largest reservoir of nitrogen

A

the atmosphere (78% N2)

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29
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

N2 is converted to ammonia NH3. bacteria does this

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30
Q

Nitrification

A

ammonia is converted to nitrite (NO2) to nitrate (NO3)

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31
Q

Assimilation

A

plants incorporate ammonia and nitrate ions into organic molecules (nucleic acids, amino acids)

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32
Q

Ammonification

A

decomposer bacteria break down organic compounds into ammonia

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33
Q

Denitrification

A

specialized bacteria convert nitrogen compounds into N2 (nitrogen) and N2O (nitrous oxide) which are released into the atmosphere

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34
Q

Phosphorous

A

component of nucleic acids and a limiting factor for plant growth

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35
Q

P cycles more slowly

A

no gaseous phase, mostly found in rocks as PO4 (phosphate), released by weathering

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36
Q

Too much P in aquatic ecosystems

A

P from animal waste, fertilizers, sewage can cause eutrophication (excessive nutrients in body of water that causes dense growth of plants and death of animals due to lack of oxygen)

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37
Q

Major macronutrients

A

CHNOPS: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur

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38
Q

Micronutrients and trace elements

A

needed in small amounts

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39
Q

Earth is 4.5 billion years old

A

1st cells appeared 3.5 billion years ago

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40
Q

Plate tectonics

A

Earth’s crust is broken into plates that move relative to each other, movement caused by convection currents dissipating Earth’s internal heat

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41
Q

plate boundaries

A

Volcanoes and earthquakes occur at

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42
Q

Divergent plate boundaries

A

seafloor spreading, new crust generated, mid-ocean ridges

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43
Q

Convergent and continental plate boundaries

A

oceanic plate subducts under oceanic or continental plates, causes volcanoes and trenches. Continental plates produce mountains

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44
Q

Transform boundaries

A

plates slide past each other, causes earthquakes

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45
Q

Rock cycle

A

relationship of rocks and rock formation processes

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46
Q

Rock types according to origin

A

igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

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47
Q

Minerals

A

are not renewable

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48
Q

Ore

A

concentration of mineral is high enough so that it is profitable to mine

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49
Q

Mineral reserve

A

mineral resource, profitable to mine

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50
Q

Surface mining

A

strip mining (stopping a layer of soil), cheaper, less dangerous to miners. Problems: toxic runoff, acid drainage

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51
Q

Soil texture

A

the size of soil particles; sand, silt, clay

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52
Q

Humus

A

organic material in the soil

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53
Q

Leaching

A

removal of dissolved materials by water moving through

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54
Q

Permeability and Porosity

A

ability to transmit water. Porosity: ability to hold water

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55
Q

The solution to soil problems

A

contour plowing, crop rotation, conservation tillage, organic fertilizers

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56
Q

Troposphere

A

0-17 km above Earth’s surface, site of weather, organisms, most water vapor

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57
Q

Stratosphere

A

17-48 km above the surface, contains the ozone layer

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58
Q

Composition of Earth’s atmosphere

A

78% N2, 21% O2, 0.9% argon, 0.0035% CO2

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59
Q

The original atmosphere was H2 and He, Organisms have altered atmosphere

A

increases O2 and N2 decreased

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60
Q

Weather

A

daily atmospheric conditions (temp and precip), Climate long term atmospheric conditions

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61
Q

Global circulation patterns

A

caused by uneven heating of Earth’s surface and Earth’s rotation

62
Q

ENSO: El Niño Southern Oscillation

A

see-sawing of air pressure over Southern Pacific

63
Q

El Niño

A

In the equatorial Pacific, trade winds weaken and warm water sloshed back to S America, suppresses upwelling of nutrient-rich water along the west coast of S Americ

64
Q

Effects of El Niño

A

disrupts food chains, alters precipitation patterns, fewer Atlantic hurricanes

65
Q

Greenhouse gases (GHG) water vapor, CO2, methane, CH4, CFCs

A

trap outgoing infrared radiation (heat), causing Earth to warm

66
Q

Effects of global warming

A

rising sea level, droughts, disruptions of ecosystems, shifts in vegetation

67
Q

Ozone depletion

A

caused by CFCs, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), halons, methyl bromide all break down stratospheric ozone

68
Q

Effects of ozone depletion

A

increased UV radiation reaches Earth’s surface; causes increased skin cancer, cataracts, decreased plant growth, and marine productivity

69
Q

Stratospheric ozone layer

A

approximately 20-30 km above the Earth’s surface (12-18 miles).

70
Q

Biotic/abiotic

A

living and non-living

71
Q

Producer/autotroph

A

organisms that CAN make their own food

72
Q

Consumer/heterotroph

A

organisms that CANNOT make their own food

73
Q

Aerobiotic respiration oxygen

A

used by producers, consumers, decomposers to break down complex organic compounds and release energy

74
Q

Major trophic levels

A

producers-primary consumers-secondary consumers-tertiary consumers-etc

75
Q

Energy flow in food webs

A

solar energy converted to chemical energy, eventually returned as heat

76
Q

Energy flow in food webs percentage

A

only 10% transferred to next trophic leve

77
Q

Why is only 10% transferred in trophic levels

A

energy lost to heat (2nd law), not all biomass is digested, and predators use energy to catch prey

78
Q

Mutualism

A

interaction between 2 species in which both species benefit

79
Q

Parasitism

A

a relationship in which one partner obtains nutrients at the expense of the host

80
Q

Commensalism

A

one partner benefits, the other is neither harmed nor benefited

81
Q

Competition

A

organisms competing for the same resources

82
Q

Biome

A

large region having similar climate and plant life, determined mostly by temperature and precipitation

83
Q

Population

A

organism of the same species living in a particular area

84
Q

Community

A

populations of all species living and interacting in an area

85
Q

Primary succession

A

colonization and establishment of communities in an area not previously inhabited

86
Q

Secondary succession

A

change in communities after disturbance; examples- logging, forest fires, hurricanes

87
Q

Natural selection

A

organisms with favorable characteristics pass them on to the next generation

88
Q

R strategist

A

reproduce early, mature rapidly, short-lived, many and unprotected offspring (salmon or mice)

89
Q

K strategist

A

reproduce late, mature slowly, long-lived, fewer, and care for offspring (elephants)

90
Q

Keystone species

A

species whose role in the ecosystem is more important than others

91
Q

Indicator species

A

species that serve as an early warning that the ecosystem is being degraded

92
Q

Traits of endangered species

A

specialists, small range, require large territory

93
Q

Endemic species and exotic species

A

found only in one area. Exotic species: non-native species

94
Q

Carrying capacity

A

number of individuals that can be sustained over time by the ecosystem

95
Q

Size of human population

A

7.4 billion but 8 billion now

96
Q

Doubling time

A

divide 70 by percent growth rate

97
Q

Malthus

A

said human population can outgrow food supply, the result will be war, famine, and disease

98
Q

Most populous countries

A

China, India, Us

99
Q

Demographic transition

A

as countries become industrialized, death rates decline followed by declining birth rates

100
Q

Preindustrial phase

A

birth and death rates high, low net population growth

101
Q

Transitional phase

A

economic development better health care, death rates fall result is rapid population growth, occurring in LDC’s currently

102
Q

Industrial phase

A

decline in birth rates, population growth slows

103
Q

Age structure

A

proportion of the population in each age and sex category; broad base- rapid growth, narrow base- slow growth, uniform shape- zero growth

104
Q

The most important factor affecting population growth

A

economic status of women

105
Q

Ways to decrease birth rate

A

family planning, access to contraception, economic opportunities

106
Q

Replacement fertility level

A

number of children needed to replace children for next generation (2.0 theoretically, 2.6 in LDC because of infant mortality)

107
Q

Point source/nonpoint sources

A

discreet location like smokestack; non-point sources: dispersed, large area, e.g. cars

108
Q

BOD

A

biochemical oxygen demand, amount of oxygen consumed by aerobic decomposers to break down organic compounds

109
Q

Eutrophication

A

sequence of events caused by an excess of N and P stimulating algal bloom

110
Q

Hypoxia

A

low oxygen in water. algae die, biochemical oxygen demand increases as decomposers break down algae, oxygen is depleted and water cannot support life

111
Q

Primary air pollutants

A

emitted directly into the atmosphere (CO, SOx, NO, hydrocarbons)

112
Q

Secondary pollutants

A

formed by the reaction of primary pollutants

113
Q

Particulates

A

source-burning fossil fuels, diesel exhaust;
effects- respiratory irritation and damage,
reduction- electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers

114
Q

Nitrogen oxides

A

source- burning fuel at high temperatures, effects- respiratory irritation, acidification of lakes, makes smog and ozone; reduction- catalytic converter in cars

115
Q

Sulfur oxides

A

source – burning coal and oil; effects- respiratory irritation, produces acid deposition, reduces plant growth; reduction- use low sulfur coal, limestone injection, or flue gas scrubbing

116
Q

Carbon monoxide

A

source- incomplete combustion of fossil fuels; effects- binds to HB, reduces O2 carrying ability; reduction- catalytic converter in cars, oxygenated fuels, increased fuel efficiency

117
Q

Ozone

A

source- secondary pollutant formed from NOx and UV with VOCs; effects - respiratory irritation, damages plants; reduction- reduce NOx emissions, catalytic converter in cars

118
Q

Industrial smog

A

sulfurous, from burning coal

119
Q

Photochemical smog

A

formed by photochemical reactions of NO and VOCs in sunlight

120
Q

Acid deposition

A

pH below 5.6, caused by sulfuric and nitric acids, leached soil nutrients and toxic metals, weakens plants, disrupts aquatic systems

121
Q

Electricity generation

A

falling water, wind, or steam from water boiled by fossil fuel combustion or nuclear fission turn a turbine connected to a generator

122
Q

Petroleum (oil)

A

formed from dead aquatic organisms buried in sediments converted by heat and pressure in hydrocarbons

123
Q

Pros of petroleum

A

cheap, easy to transport, high quality of energy

124
Q

Cons of petroleum

A

nonrenewable, degradation from drilling transport and refining, burning produced CO2, air pollution

125
Q

Steps in coal formation

A

peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite (increasing heat, pressure, and C content)

126
Q

Major parts of a nuclear reactor

A

core, control rods, containment building, steam generator, turbine

127
Q

Two most serious nuclear power plant accidents

A

Chernobyl (Ukraine 1986) and 3 Mile Island (Harrisburg, PA 1979)

128
Q

Alternate energy sources

A

not fossil fuels; wind, solar, waves, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells

129
Q

Reasons alternative energy sources not used more

A

not as economical, fossil fuels heavily financially helped by government

130
Q

Hard/soft path energy policy

A

Large centralized facilities all connected to the grid; soft path policy: diverse, local, flexible energy sources

131
Q

Multiple land use (US)

A

National Forests and Natural Resource Lands (managed by bureau land management)

132
Q

Moderately restricted lands

A

National Wildlife Refuges

133
Q

Restricted use lands

A

National Parks, National Wilderness Preservation System

134
Q

Municipal solid waste

A

mostly paper. Most municipal waste is landfilled

135
Q

Sanitary landfill

A

sites where waste is isolated from the environment until it is safe

136
Q

Problems and solutions with landfills

A

leachate-liner to prevent groundwater contamination

137
Q

Incineration (burning waste material) advantages

A

reduced waste volume by 90%, waste heat can be used

138
Q

Incineration (burning waste material) disadvantages

A

toxic emissions (polyvinyl chloride, dioxin) – can use scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators that remove ash from exhaust fumes before they exit the smokestacks

139
Q

The best way to solve the waste problem

A

reduce the amount at the source

140
Q

Undernourishment and Malnourishment

A

Undernourishment: not enough calories. Malnourishment: improper amounts of nutrients

141
Q

Modern farming and Traditional Farming

A

Modern farming: high fuel and resource use. Traditional farming: polyculture, crop rotation, labor-intensive

142
Q

Love Canal, NY

A

school and homes built over chemicals buried in an old canal, causing birth defects and cancer

143
Q

Major types of insecticides

A

chlorinated hydrocarbons- DDT, organophosphates- Malathion, carbamates- aldicarb

144
Q

Pesticide pros

A

saves lives from insect-transmitted diseases, increased yield, and profits

145
Q

Pesticide cons

A

resistant strains, pesticide treadmill, ecosystem imbalance, persistence, bioaccumulation, and biomagnifications

146
Q

Biological pest control

A

use predators, biopesticides, parasites, agricultural practices like crop rotation

147
Q

IPM

A

pest management through a variety of techniques, agricultural, biological, and use of the minimal amount of pesticides when necessary

148
Q

LD-50

A

dose (material per unit body weight) of chemical that kills 50% of the exposed population

149
Q

Mutagen

A

causes changes in DNA, Teratogen: causes birth deformities, carcinogen: causes cancer

150
Q

Minimata disease

A

mental impairments caused by mercury

APES 150 (1 decks)

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