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Apes > Apes > Flashcards

Apes Flashcards

1
Q

Whole object constraint

A

new words are names for whole objects, not parts or properties

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2
Q

Taxonomic constraint

A

new words extend to members of the same kind, same kind of thing but not thematically similar

eg. cheese –> hot dog (food)
but not cheese –> rat

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3
Q

word learning biases

A

whole object constraint
taxonomic constraint
shape bias
basic level bias
mutual exclusivity
principle of contrast

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4
Q

shape bias

A

names extend to similar shaped objects

eg. cheese –> moon

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5
Q

mutual exclusivity

A

new name for new object, cannot assign more than one name to one object

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6
Q

principle of contrast

A

new name for part or property

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7
Q

overextension

A

children tend to over-generalise words to other similar things

  • could be because they really think they are the same because they look similar
  • or they do not know what that object is so they might as well use a word that they know so they can get their message across
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8
Q

underextension

A

child uses the word only for that particular specific instance and does not generalise it properly to other same objects

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9
Q

prototype

A

some category members are
- thought of by more people
- thought faster
- verified as a member faster
- rated as ‘better’ members

they are the most typical member

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10
Q

children develop meaning in the ______ year

A

2nd

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11
Q

graded category structure

A

typical members are easier to acquire than atypical ones, learn more typical members of a category first

that’s why when you show a typical and atypical exemplar, babies know the typical one, if you show 2 atypical exemplars from diff categories, they would not know what both are

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12
Q

similarity between vervet monkey and human infants in language acquisition

A

learn prototypical exemplars then expand the range and refine their learning

  1. early over-extension – think 2 birds are the same
  2. gradual refinement – think same-sized birds are the same
  3. adult category alignment – can properly identify
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13
Q

Word frequency effect

A

accessing more frequent words is more efficient
Have < pave (RT)

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14
Q

Age-of-acquisition

A

early acquired words accessed more efficiently
Egg < ego (RT)

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15
Q

Orthographic neighbourhood effect

A

words which have a lot of similar neighbours are quicker to access
Trip < move (RT)
(chip, drip, clip, tip, dip …) vs (groove, mauve … )

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16
Q

On-line cohort effects

A

words with a large onset cohort are slower to access, words with high frequency onset cohort are slower to process
Crime > stats
/kra/: 49 words, /krai/: 1 vs /sta/: 151, /stat/: 29 (still not sure if it’s the word, need to continue listening)

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17
Q

Lexical status effect

A

evidence that lexical access is a time consuming process
pmde < king (RT)

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18
Q

Legal non word rejection

A

takes longer to eliminate a possible word than to accept a real one
King < cring (RT)

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19
Q

repetition prime

A

Target faster if repeated
xkcd – – blob – – nurse – – nurse

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20
Q

semantic prime

A

Target faster if the meanings are similar/related
blob – – xkcd – – doctor – – nurse

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21
Q

associative prime

A

dog – – bone

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22
Q

taxonomic prime

A

dog – – giraffe

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23
Q

Prototype effect implications – graded category structure in lexical decision task

A

bird – – owl – – owl (slower)
bird – – robin – – robin (faster)

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24
Q

Fourier Theory

A

sound = source + filter
We produce a vibration at the vocal folds
Then we change the shape of the echo chamber (oral/nasal cavity)

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25
Q

Vowel Triangle

A

/i/: high and front tongue placement
/a/: low and front tongue placement
/o/: high and back tongue placement

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26
Q

Vocal auditory channel

A

Produced with voice, perceived by hearing

Human, primate, whale, dolphin, dogs (not bee dance, not sign language)

27
Q

Broadcast transmission & Directional reception

A

Speech is ‘broadcast’ (everyone can receive it → not necessarily to ‘hear’)

Human, primate, dogs, sign language

28
Q

Transitoriness

A

Speech does not last, rapid fading, need to keep repeating, when the signal stops, the communication stops

Human, primate, sign language

29
Q

Interchangibility of roles

A

Can be both perceiver and producer

Human, primate, whale (not deaf “oral only method”, dolphin only know how to say their own name)

30
Q

Total feedback

A

Can perceive your own production (be it hear or see)

Human, primate, whale, parrot, vervet, sign language (but not deaf “oral only method”)

31
Q

Specialisation for communication

A

Signal is different from other biological functions

Human, primate, NOC the beluga, sign language

32
Q

Semanticity

A

Signals convey meaning

Human, primates, vervet monkey, sign language (not whale, not beluga)

33
Q

Arbitrariness

A

No link between symbol and meaning, same symbol can mean different things (if there is no semanticity, there can not be arbitrariness)

Human, primate

34
Q

Discreteness

A

Symbols and rules act on categories, the signal can be divided into repeatable parts, true of all kinds of signals

Human, primate, vervet monkey, parrot

35
Q

Displacement

A

Can talk about things that are not present now

Human, bee dance, sign language (in human and apes) (not primate)

36
Q

Productivity

A

Can make novel utterances never said before

Human (limited in signing apes)

37
Q

Traditional transmission

A

Cultural transmission, the communication system is learned

Human, sign language in apes, wild primate calls

38
Q

Duality of patterning

A

Compositionality, arrangements of minimal meaningless units into larger, meaningful units or arrangements of meaningful units into more complex signals

Human, parrot, sign language

39
Q

Prevarication

A

Deception, speakers can - intentionally - make utterances that are false or meaningless

Human, some signing apes, some primates

40
Q

Reflexiveness

A

Can talk about talking, designed for human uniqueness

Human

41
Q

Learnability

A

non-instinctive and learning trajectory

Human, whale, dolphin, parrot, beluga, apes learning sign language

42
Q

Virtuosity

A

not to convey meaning, but a social signal using a test of fitness/prowess eg. a whale song → more to show off or for a social gain

43
Q

Social grooming

A

literally, picking insects out of the fur, touching others of the same species to strengthen social bonds, in humans, we laugh

44
Q

Iconicity

A

opposite of arbitrariness, a symbol stands for something eg. hand gestures, pointing but this may not be fully understood by everyone

45
Q

deaf “oral only method”

A

deaf child growing up in a hearing household, the child has to read lips (oral only) and does not learn sign language (yet)
→ no interchangibility of roles
→ no total feedback (because they produce vocalisations trying to copy what they see but they can’t hear what they’re trying to make

46
Q

What is communication?

A

A form of information transfer that is intentional or designed to create some kind of social impact on others.

47
Q

What is language

A

The core elements of natural human languages are:

A system of communication with symbols that represent meanings and rules for combining symbols into larger units of meaning shared by a community who use it together in real-time

48
Q

stops

A

Velum is closed (allowing only oral airflow). Oral closure at some place of articulation. Build up of air pressure. Sudden release. Rush of air out of mouth. Different voice timings.

49
Q

nasals

A

Velum is open allowing nasal airflow. Oral closure at some place of articulation. Continuous voicing.

50
Q

fricatives

A

Velum is closed (allowing only oral airflow). Oral articulators come close together creating turbulence through the gap. Voiced or voiceless

51
Q

affricates

A

Velum is closed (allowing only oral airflow). Articulation begins at a stop, but is released into a fricative - /ʈʃ/ in church and /dʒ/ in jump

52
Q

approximants (liquids)

A

Velum is closed (allowing only oral airflow). Oral articulators make a shape that doesn’t completely block airflow and doesn’t create turbulence. /r/ and /l/ are voiced continuous sounds described as ‘liquids’

53
Q

approximants (glides)

A

Velum is closed (allowing only oral airflow). Oral articulators make a shape that doesn’t completely block airflow and doesn’t create turbulence. /w/ and /y/ are voiced semi-vowels described as ‘glides’

54
Q

phoneme

A
  • Functional groupings of sounds within a language
  • Abstract categories of speech sounds
  • Groups of sounds which are functionally equivalent for native speakers of a language
55
Q

Prosody

A

ups and downs of speech, rhythm of voice, combination of pitch and loudness

56
Q

F1

A

how high or low the tongue is

57
Q

F2

A

how front or back the tongue is

58
Q

F3

A

shape of the lips

59
Q

peripheries

A
  • Easier to hear a change in the sound from middle to extreme vowel space
  • Babies can detect vowel sounds that are at the peripheries (more extreme)
  • Peripheries act as perceptual anchors
60
Q

IDS vs PDS vs ADS

A

Pitch: higher for babies and pets than adult
Excitement: IDS > PDS > ADS
Vowel hyperarticulation (expansion of the vowel triangle) is ONLY seen in IDS

61
Q

Chinese auntie study

A

Chinese auntie read story to baby, baby can detect difference

video: no change
audio only: no change

62
Q

perception is asymmetrical

A

some sounds are easier to hear than others

63
Q

perception is categorical

A

we group sounds that are similar to each other, in a way where their differences among them do not matter but for others we treat the sounds differently such that even a fine-grained acoustic difference is very meaningful to us

64
Q

acquisition is

A

statistical and social

Apes (1 decks)

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