Apendicular skeleton Flashcards
What bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?
Pectoral girdle:
Clavicle (x2)
Scapula (x2)
Hip bones x2
Upper limb:
Humerus (x2)
Ulna (x2)
Radius (x2)
Carpals (x8)
Metacarpals (x5)
Phalange (x14)
Lower limb:
Femur (x2)
Patella (x2)
Fibula (x2)
Tibia (x2)
Tarsals (x7)
Metatarsals (x5)
Phalanges (x14)
What are the six basic functions of the skeleton?
(1-3)
1) Support
It supports a structural framework and supports soft tissues, provides attachment points for tendons and muscles.
2) Protection
To protect many internal organs
3) Movement- muscles attaching to bones
Functions of skeleton
(4-6)
4) Mineral homeostatis
There is storage of calcium and phosphurus in the bones and can released into blood on demand
5) Triglyceride storage
Adipose cells store triglycerides in bone marrow which is used as a chemical energy reserve
6)Blood cell production
Haemopoiesis, blood cell formation occurs in red bone marrow in the bones of foetus.
Commonly used bony descriptos
Tubercle or tuberosity
A raised “lump” where muscles or
ligaments attach
Condyle
Large prominece at the end of bones for muscle attachments
Ramus
An (arm) projection of a bone
Bony terminology continued
Fossa
Shallow depression
Foramen
a hole
Fissure
slit
Pediatric bones
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
1)
This is the main shaft long part of the bone , similar to the proximal part of adult bones
2)
This is the end part of a long pediatric bone and is similar to the distal end of an adult bone
3) This is found between a epiphysis and diaphysis, this includes a growth plate only found in children
Pediatric wrist development stages
Capitate: 1-3 months
Hamate: 2-4 months
Triquetrum: 2-3 years
Lunate: 2-4 years
Scaphoid: 4-6 years
Trapezium: 4-6 years
Trapezoid: 4-6 years
Pisiform 8-12 years
Growth plate stages in pediatrics
Metarcarpals closure at 14-21 years
Phalanges closure at 14-21 yrs
Ulna styloid process close at 18-20
radiul styloid process closure at 18
What are the differences between male and female pelvis?
The male has a narrower pelvis and smaller more shallow pubic arch, V shaped
Female has much wider pelvis and pubic arch is bigger wider
Pathologies
Pagets disease
The normal cycle of bone renewal is disrupted, this is chronic bone disease
Bones may get deformed become thicker and weakend.
Common over 50
Oestoarthritis
Disease in the cartiliage of bones causing secondary bony changes
there is a loss of joint space and the bone becomes narrower, movement can become impaired.
What are the types of bones and their chararcteristics
There are 5 categories of bones
Long bones
Flat bones
Short bones
Sesamoid bones
Irregular bones
What are the types of bones and their chararcteristics
There are 5 categories of bones
Long bones
Flat bones
Short bones
Sesamoid bones
Irregular bones
What are the functions of each type of bone
Long bone
Long bones are greater in lenght and they are slightly curved for strenght
They vary in size and are involved in movement
Consist of spongy bone internally and
cortical bone externally
Some examples include
Humerus Femur
Ulna Tibia
Radius Fibula
Metacarpals
Short bones
Flat bones
They are equal in lenght and width
examples are carpal and tarsal bones
These bones are composed of two parallel plates of compact bone enclosed in spongy bone tissue layer
Generally thin and give protection to organs
Act as attachment points for muscles
