APEH Euro Flash cards
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Lutheran/Calvanist theology
Lutheranism:original sin so corrupts mankind that people have no ability to seek God or make any kind of choice to follow Him.
Calvanist:he Protestant theological system of John Calvin and his successors, which develops Luther’s doctrine of justification by faith alone and emphasizes the grace of God and the doctrine of predestination.
Nationalism
Romantic Nationalism:the state derives its political legitimacy as an organic consequence of the unity of those it governs
Renaissance Humanism
a collection of Greek and Roman teachings, undertaken by scholars, writers, and civic leaders who are today known as Renaissance humanists, taking place initially in Italy, and then spreading across Europe
Machievelli
An Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance
Architecture/art
Renaissance art, perceived as a royalty of ancient traditions, took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity, but transformed that tradition by the absorption of recent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by application of contemporary scientific knowledge.
English reformation and Henry VIII
English reformation series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Catholic Church.
Henry VIII:He was Lord, and later assumed the Kingship, of Ireland, and continued the nominal claim by English monarchs to the Kingdom of France.
Austro-Hungarian Nationality problem
Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg until 1780, and then by the successor branch of Habsburg-Lorraine until 1918. The Monarchy was a composite state composed of territories within and outside the Holy Roman Empire, united only in the person of the monarch.
Dynastic conflict in 16th
An international conflict by military, diplomatic and/or other means between monarchies, in which the dynastic interests are a major consideration, notably determining if states ruled by such dynasties will be united or broken up
National Specialist ideology
deology was shaped by Hitler’s beliefs in German racial superiority and the dangers of communism. It rejected liberalism, democracy, the rule of law, and human rights, stressing instead the subordination of the individual to the state and the necessity of strict obedience to leaders. It emphasized the inequality of individuals and races and the right of the strong to rule the weak. Politically, National Socialism favoured rearmament, reunification of the German areas of Europe, expansion into non-German areas, and the purging of undesirables, especially Jews. fascism.
women’s roles and how they changed
women’s role was still partially to stay at home and watch for children and their husband. some were allowed to take care of businesses if left behind by the husband but only if he died and gave her permission to do so.
Heliocentric/geocentric theory
Heliocentric:having or representing the sun as the center, as in the accepted astronomical model of the solar system.
Geocentric theory:having or representing the earth as the center, as in former astronomical systems
Adam smith and liberalism
Classical liberalism is built on ideas that had already arisen by the end of the 18th century, including ideas of Adam Smith, John Locke, Jean-Baptiste Say, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo. It drew on a psychological understanding of individual liberty, natural law, utilitarianism, and a belief in progress
Impact of WWI
The worldwide spiral of the arms race truly began, as war was now viewed in a different scope; previously, war was something isolated to specific areas between only a few combatants. Now, everyone had to be on guard against anyone.
2) The League of Nations was formed. While it was largely ineffective itself, it laid the groundwork for the United Nations.
3) The groundwork for WWII was also very clearly laid. The punitive measures to Germany gave Hitler the in-road needed to assume power and start another war; when Germany surrendered in WWI, the victors imposed sanctions which drove Germany into severe depression and poverty. This really set the stage for WWII; war was a seemingly viable way to get the country “back on its feet.”
rise/consolidation of Bolsheviks
After Lenin’s government secured power, one of its first major goals was to get Russia out of World War I. Following his Decree on Peace, Lenin sent out diplomatic notes to all participants in the war, calling for everyone to cease hostilities immediately if they did not want Russia to seek a separate peace.
Revolution of 1830 and 1840
The Revolutions of 1830 were a revolutionary wave in Europe. It included two “romantic” revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with revolutions in Congress Poland and Switzerland.
French politics in 19th century
Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality.[1] Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally they support ideas such as free and fair elections, civil rights, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free trade, and private property
Spanish civil war
the civil war in Spain from 1936 to 1939 in which insurgent nationalists, led by General Franco, succeeded in overthrowing the republican government. During the war Spain became an ideological battleground for fascists and socialists from all countries
Scientific revolution/method
The definition of the scientific revolution is the period of time when great advances in science were being made. This took place from approximately 1500 to 1700. During this time there were many new ideas and developments in physics, mathematics, biology, astronomy, biology and chemistry.
council of trent and catholic counter-reformation
the council of the Roman Catholic Church that met between 1545 and 1563 at Trent in S Tyrol. Reacting against the Protestants, it reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs and formulated the ideals of the Counter-Reformation
Edict of Nantes
the law granting religious and civil liberties to the French Protestants, promulgated by Henry IV in 1598 and revoked by Louis XIV in 1685
Dutch republic in 17th century
The 17th century was the century that lasted from January 1, 1601, to December 31, 1700, in the Gregorian calendar. The 17th century falls into the Early Modern period of Europe and in that continent was characterized by the Dutch Golden Age, the Baroque cultural movement, the French Grand Siècle dominated by Louis XIV, the Scientific Revolution, and The General Crisis. This last is characterised in Europe most notably by the Thirty Years’ War,[1] the Great Turkish War, the end of the Dutch Revolt, the disintegration of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the English Civil War.
16th century economic life
The 16th century begins with the Julian year 1501 and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 (depending on the reckoning used; the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582).[
mercantalist theory
Mercantilism is an economic theory and practice common in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century that promoted governmental regulation of a nation’s economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism.[1] It includes a national economic policy aimed at accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance of trade, especially of finished goods. Mercantilism dominated Western European economic policy and discourse from the 16th to late-18th centuries.[2] Mercantilism was a cause of frequent European wars and also motivated colonial expansion. Mercantilist theory varied in sophistication from one writer to another and evolved over time.
culture of 1920’s
The expression was introduced again by the 1991 publication of Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America by James Davison Hunter, a sociologist at the University of Virginia. Hunter described what he saw as a dramatic realignment and polarization that had transformed American politics and culture.
He argued that on an increasing number of “hot-button” defining issues — abortion, gun politics, separation of church and state, privacy, recreational drug use, homosexuality, censorship — there existed two definable polarities. Furthermore, not only were there a number of divisive issues, but society had divided along essentially the same lines on these issues, so as to constitute two warring groups, defined primarily not by nominal religion, ethnicity, social class, or even political affiliation, but rather by ideological world views.
development and rise of prussia
a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg and centered on the region of Prussia. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organised and effective army. Prussia shaped the history of Germany, with its capital in Berlin after 1451. In 1871, German states united in creating the German Empire under Prussian leadership. In November 1918, the monarchies were abolished and the nobility lost its political power. Prussia was effectively abolished in 1932, and officially abolished in 1947
Balance of power and politics in 18th century
At the core of the balance of power theory is the idea that national security is enhanced when military capabilities are distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others.[1] If one state gains inordinate power, the theory predicts that it will take advantage of its strength and attack weaker neighbors thereby providing an incentive for those threatened to unite in a defensive coalition. Some realists maintain that this would be more stable as aggression would appear unattractive and would be averted if there was equilibrium of power between the rival coalitions.[
Social life on eve of french revolution
The more one studies the French Revolution the clearer it is how incomplete is the history of that great epoch, how many gaps in it remain to be filled, how many points demand elucidation. How could it be otherwise? The Great Revolution, that set all Europe astir, that overthrew everything, and began the task of universal reconstruction in the course of a few years, was the working of cosmic forces dissolving and re-creating a world. And if in the writings of the historians who deal with that period and especially of Michelet, we admire the immense work they have accomplished in disentangling and co-ordinating the innumerable facts of the various parallel movements that made up the Revolution, we realise at the same time the vastness of the work which still remains to be done.
population and demographic development in any period
Demographics are the quantifiable statistics of a given population. Demographics are also used to identify the study of quantifiable subsets within a given population which characterize that population at a specific point in time.
enlightened despots of 18th century
An enlightened despot is a form of absolute monarchy whereby rulers where influenced by cultural movement. Enlightened monarchs took up the principles of rationality and they used them in their territories. Enlightened despot is also known as benevolent or enlightened absolutism.
trade unions/anarchism/worker response in late 1900’s
It includes a national economic policy aimed at accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance of trade, especially of finished goods. Mercantilism dominated Western European economic policy and discourse from the 16th to late-18th centuries.[2] Mercantilism was a cause of frequent European wars and also motivated colonial expansion. Mercantilist theory varied in sophistication from one writer to another and evolved over time.
Romanticism
a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual
treaty of versailles
the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
napoleons impact
Napoleon complex, or “short man syndrome”, is a pejorative slang term describing a type of psychological phenomenon which is said to exist in people, usually men, of short stature.[1] It is characterized by overly-aggressive or domineering social behaviour, and carries the implication that such behaviour is compensatory for the subjects’ stature. The term is also used more generally to describe people who are driven by a perceived handicap to overcompensate in other aspects of their lives. Other names for the term include Napoleon syndrome[2] and Short Man syndrome.[3]
Reign of terror
a period of remorseless repression or bloodshed, in particular Reign of Terror, the period of the Terror during the French Revolution.
varius treaties
1601 Treaty of Lyon (1601) Henry IV of France acquires Bugey, Valromey, Gex, and Bresse.
1604 Treaty of London, 1604 Ends hostilities between England and Spain.
1606 Peace of Žitava[45] Ends the Long War between the Ottoman Turkey and the Habsburg Monarchy.
Treaty of Vienna (1606)[46] Restores all constitutional and religious rights/privileges to the Hungarians in both Transylvania and Royal Hungary.
1608 Treaty of Lieben Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II surrenders Hungary, Austrian territories near the Danube River, and Moravia to his brother Matthias.
1609 Treaty of Antwerp (1609)[47] Spain and the Netherlands agree to a 12-year truce.
1610 Treaty of Brussol[48] Establishes a military alliance between Charles Emmanuel I and Henry IV of France against the Spanish in Italy.
1612 Treaty of Nasuh Pasha Treaty between Ottoman Turkey and Safavid Persia Revision of 1590 treaty. Persia regained some of its loses in 1590.
1613 Treaty of Knäred Ends the Kalmar War between Denmark and Sweden.
Two Row Wampum Treaty[49] Treaty between the Iroquois and representatives of the Dutch government.
1614 Treaty of Xanten Ends the War of the Jülich Succession.
1615 Peace of Asti Duke Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy relinquishes claims on Monferrato.
Peace of Tyrnau Recognizes Gábor Bethlen as the Prince of Transylvania.
Treaty of Serav Ratifies the treaty of 1612 between Ottoman Turkey and Safavid Persia
1616 Treaty of Loudun Ends hostilities between Queen Marie de’ Medici and rebellious French princes led by Henry II, the third Prince of Condé.
1617 Treaty of Pavia Savoy cedes Monferrato to Mantua.
Treaty of Stolbovo Ends the Ingrian War between Sweden and Muscovy.
1618 Truce of Deulino[50] Ends the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18); expires in 1632.
1619 Treaty of Angoulême Ends civil war in France between supporters of Queen Marie de’ Medici and her son, King Louis XIII of France.
Treaty of Munich (1619) Duke Maximilian of Bavaria allows Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II to use his forces in exchange for territories in the Electorate of the Palatinate.
1620 Treaty of Ulm (1620) The Protestant Union ceases its support of Frederick V of Bohemia.
1621 Peace of Nikolsburg[51] Ends the war between Prince Gabriel Bethlen of Transylvania and Emperor Ferdinand II of the Holy Roman Empire.
Treaty of Madrid (1621) Restores Valtelline to the Grisons and grants Protestants in the region religious freedoms.
Treaty of Khotyn Between Ottoman Turkey and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Treaty of the Hague (1621) A failed treaty of alliance between Denmark and the Dutch Republic
Treaty of Bremen A failed treaty of commerce between Denmark and the Dutch Republic
1622 Treaty of Montpellier[52] Between King Louis XIII of France and Duke Henry II of Rohan; confirms the Edict of Nantes.
1623 Treaty of Paris (1623) France, Savoy, and Venice agree to have Spanish forces leave Valtelline.
1625 Treaty of The Hague (1625) England and the Netherlands agree to economically support Christian IV of Denmark during the Thirty Years’ War.
1626 Peace of Pressburg (1626)[16] Ends the revolt against the Habsburgs.
Treaty of Monzón France and Spain share equal rights in their control of Valtelline.
1627 Capitulation of Franzburg Duchy of Pomerania occupied by Albrecht von Wallenstein’s imperial army
1628 Treaty of Munich Recognizes Duke Maximilian of Bavaria as a prince-elector; grants Maximilian control of the Upper Palatinate and the right bank of the Rhine River for thirty years.
1629 Edict of Restitution Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II attempts to reinforce the territorial and religious settlements made after the Peace of Augsburg.
Treaty of Lübeck Denmark withdraws from the Thirty Years’ War.
Truce of Altmark[53] Ends hostilities between Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Peace of Alais[54] Between the Huguenots and King Louis XIII of France; confirms the basic principles of the Edict of Nantes with additional clauses.
1630 Peace of Regensburg[55] Temporarily halts the War of the Mantuan Succession.
Treaty of Stettin (1630) The Duchy of Pomerania allies with and is occupied by the Swedish Empire
Treaty of Madrid (1630) Ends English involvement in the Dutch Revolt.
1631 Treaty of Bärwalde France and Sweden establish an alliance against the Holy Roman Empire.
Treaty of Cherasco Ends the War of the Mantuan Succession.
Treaty of Munich (1631) France and Bavaria establish a secret “Catholic” alliance.
1632 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632) England returns New France (Quebec) to France.
Treaty of Ahmet Pasha Short lived peace treaty, ends hostalities between the Ottoman Turkey and the Safavid Persia
1634 Treaty of Polyanovka[56] Ends the Smolensk War between Poland and Muscovy.
1635 Peace of Prague (1635) Between the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, and most of the Protestant states of the Holy Roman Empire.
Treaty of Sztumska Wieś[57] The Swedish Empire concedes territories to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1636 Treaty of Wismar Establishes alliance between Sweden and France against the Habsburgs.
1638 Treaty of Hamburg (1638) Confirms Treaty of Wismar; France pays Sweden 1,000,000 livres.
Treaty of Hartford Cedes Pequot Indian lands to Connecticut River towns and outlaws Pequot settlement and the use of the Pequot language.
1639 Treaty of Berwick (1639)[58] Ends the First Bishops’ War between Charles I of England and the Scots.
Treaty of Zuhab[59] Ends the war between Safavid Persia and the Ottoman Turkey. The borderline drawn by the treaty is still effective today.
Treaty of Asurar Ali Establishes the boundary between the Mughals and the Ahom kingdom.
1640 Treaty of Ripon Between Charles I of England and the Scots in the aftermath of the Second Bishops’ War.
1642 Treaty of Axim (1642) Regulates the jurisdiction of the Netherlands and the Dutch West India Company in the town and polity of Axim.
1643 Solemn League and Covenant Between the Scottish Covenanters and the leaders of the English Parliamentarians.
1645 Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)[60] Ends the Torstenson War between Sweden and Denmark–Norway.
1647 Truce of Ulm (1647)[61] Forces Duke Maximilian of Bavaria to renounce his alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.
1648 Peace of Westphalia[62] Ends the Thirty Years’ War and the Eighty Years’ War, and establishes the principle of the sovereignty of nations in use today.
Treaty of Concordia[63] Divides the island of Saint Martin between France and the Netherlands.
1649 Peace of Rueil Ends the opening episodes of the Fronde, France’s civil war.
Treaty of Zboriv Places three provinces of Ukraine under the control of the Cossacks.
1650 Treaty of Breda (1650) Between Charles II of England and the Scottish Covenanters during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
Treaty of Hartford Establishes boundary lines between New Amsterdam and English settlers in Connecticut.
1651 Treaty of Bila Tserkva Establishes peace between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ukrainian Cossacks after the Battle of Berestechko.
1653 Treaty of Stettin (1653) The Swedish Empire and Brandenburg partition Pomerania.
1654 Treaty of Pereyaslav Between Muscovy and Cossack Hetmanate.
Treaty of Westminster (1654) Ends the First Anglo-Dutch War.
1655 Treaty of Kėdainiai Second Northern War – Grand Duchy of Lithuania becomes Swedish protectorate
Union of Kėdainiai Second Northern War – Lithuanian–Swedish union
Treaty of Rinsk Second Northern War – anti-Swedish alliance of Brandenburg-Prussia and Royal Prussian estates
1656 Treaty of Königsberg (1656) Second Northern War –
Urban life in 19th century
Urban planning (urban, city, and town planning) is a technical and political process concerned with the use of land and design of the urban environment, including transportation networks, to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities. It concerns itself with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation and management.[
metternich and post 1815 diplomacy
Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (full name German: Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Fürst von Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein, anglicised as Clement Wenceslas Lothar von Metternich-Winneburg-Beilstein; 15 May 1773 – 11 June 1859[1]) was a politician and statesman of Rhenish extraction and one of the most important diplomats of his era, serving as the Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire from 1809 until the liberal revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation.
german politics after 1871
After the victory over Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna met from September 1814 to June 1815 to redraw the political map of Europe. The negotiations were largely characterised by attempts to bring about the restoration of the pre-revolutionary order. While the aim in terms of foreign policy was to restore the balance of power among the states of Europe, the domestic aim was to re-establish the monarchic principle, preferably without concessions to liberal and democratic ideology. Instead of the nation state to which many people aspired, the German princes created the German Confederation, comprising 37 principalities and four free cities. The only federal body was the Confederate Assembly in Frankfurt am Main, over which Austria presided and which was later rechristened Deutscher Bundestag, or German Federal Diet. Although the German Confederation had limited scope for constructive action because of the cumbersome nature of its institutional structures, it proved to be an effective instrument for the suppression of opposition activists over a lengthy period.
french politics 16 and 17th century
France is a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, in which the President of France is head of state and the Prime Minister of France is the head of government, and there is a pluriform, multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the government, Senate and National Assembly. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
accomplishments/actions of french revolution
- writing of the French constitution called the “declaration of the rights of man and citizen” in August 1789
- the creation of the French first Republic in September 1792
- the beheading of the king, Louis XVI, in January 1793