APEH Euro Flash cards
Study
1
Q
Lutheran/Calvanist theology
A
Lutheranism:original sin so corrupts mankind that people have no ability to seek God or make any kind of choice to follow Him.
Calvanist:he Protestant theological system of John Calvin and his successors, which develops Luther’s doctrine of justification by faith alone and emphasizes the grace of God and the doctrine of predestination.
2
Q
Nationalism
A
Romantic Nationalism:the state derives its political legitimacy as an organic consequence of the unity of those it governs
3
Q
Renaissance Humanism
A
a collection of Greek and Roman teachings, undertaken by scholars, writers, and civic leaders who are today known as Renaissance humanists, taking place initially in Italy, and then spreading across Europe
4
Q
Machievelli
A
An Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance
5
Q
Architecture/art
A
Renaissance art, perceived as a royalty of ancient traditions, took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity, but transformed that tradition by the absorption of recent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by application of contemporary scientific knowledge.
6
Q
English reformation and Henry VIII
A
English reformation series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Catholic Church.
Henry VIII:He was Lord, and later assumed the Kingship, of Ireland, and continued the nominal claim by English monarchs to the Kingdom of France.
7
Q
Austro-Hungarian Nationality problem
A
Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg until 1780, and then by the successor branch of Habsburg-Lorraine until 1918. The Monarchy was a composite state composed of territories within and outside the Holy Roman Empire, united only in the person of the monarch.
8
Q
Dynastic conflict in 16th
A
An international conflict by military, diplomatic and/or other means between monarchies, in which the dynastic interests are a major consideration, notably determining if states ruled by such dynasties will be united or broken up
9
Q
National Specialist ideology
A
deology was shaped by Hitler’s beliefs in German racial superiority and the dangers of communism. It rejected liberalism, democracy, the rule of law, and human rights, stressing instead the subordination of the individual to the state and the necessity of strict obedience to leaders. It emphasized the inequality of individuals and races and the right of the strong to rule the weak. Politically, National Socialism favoured rearmament, reunification of the German areas of Europe, expansion into non-German areas, and the purging of undesirables, especially Jews. fascism.
10
Q
women’s roles and how they changed
A
women’s role was still partially to stay at home and watch for children and their husband. some were allowed to take care of businesses if left behind by the husband but only if he died and gave her permission to do so.
11
Q
Heliocentric/geocentric theory
A
Heliocentric:having or representing the sun as the center, as in the accepted astronomical model of the solar system.
Geocentric theory:having or representing the earth as the center, as in former astronomical systems
12
Q
Adam smith and liberalism
A
Classical liberalism is built on ideas that had already arisen by the end of the 18th century, including ideas of Adam Smith, John Locke, Jean-Baptiste Say, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo. It drew on a psychological understanding of individual liberty, natural law, utilitarianism, and a belief in progress
13
Q
Impact of WWI
A
The worldwide spiral of the arms race truly began, as war was now viewed in a different scope; previously, war was something isolated to specific areas between only a few combatants. Now, everyone had to be on guard against anyone.
2) The League of Nations was formed. While it was largely ineffective itself, it laid the groundwork for the United Nations.
3) The groundwork for WWII was also very clearly laid. The punitive measures to Germany gave Hitler the in-road needed to assume power and start another war; when Germany surrendered in WWI, the victors imposed sanctions which drove Germany into severe depression and poverty. This really set the stage for WWII; war was a seemingly viable way to get the country “back on its feet.”
14
Q
rise/consolidation of Bolsheviks
A
After Lenin’s government secured power, one of its first major goals was to get Russia out of World War I. Following his Decree on Peace, Lenin sent out diplomatic notes to all participants in the war, calling for everyone to cease hostilities immediately if they did not want Russia to seek a separate peace.
15
Q
Revolution of 1830 and 1840
A
The Revolutions of 1830 were a revolutionary wave in Europe. It included two “romantic” revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with revolutions in Congress Poland and Switzerland.
16
Q
French politics in 19th century
A
Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality.[1] Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally they support ideas such as free and fair elections, civil rights, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free trade, and private property
17
Q
Spanish civil war
A
the civil war in Spain from 1936 to 1939 in which insurgent nationalists, led by General Franco, succeeded in overthrowing the republican government. During the war Spain became an ideological battleground for fascists and socialists from all countries
18
Q
Scientific revolution/method
A
The definition of the scientific revolution is the period of time when great advances in science were being made. This took place from approximately 1500 to 1700. During this time there were many new ideas and developments in physics, mathematics, biology, astronomy, biology and chemistry.
19
Q
council of trent and catholic counter-reformation
A
the council of the Roman Catholic Church that met between 1545 and 1563 at Trent in S Tyrol. Reacting against the Protestants, it reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs and formulated the ideals of the Counter-Reformation
20
Q
Edict of Nantes
A
the law granting religious and civil liberties to the French Protestants, promulgated by Henry IV in 1598 and revoked by Louis XIV in 1685
21
Q
Dutch republic in 17th century
A
The 17th century was the century that lasted from January 1, 1601, to December 31, 1700, in the Gregorian calendar. The 17th century falls into the Early Modern period of Europe and in that continent was characterized by the Dutch Golden Age, the Baroque cultural movement, the French Grand Siècle dominated by Louis XIV, the Scientific Revolution, and The General Crisis. This last is characterised in Europe most notably by the Thirty Years’ War,[1] the Great Turkish War, the end of the Dutch Revolt, the disintegration of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the English Civil War.
22
Q
16th century economic life
A
The 16th century begins with the Julian year 1501 and ends with either the Julian or the Gregorian year 1600 (depending on the reckoning used; the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582).[
23
Q
mercantalist theory
A
Mercantilism is an economic theory and practice common in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century that promoted governmental regulation of a nation’s economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism.[1] It includes a national economic policy aimed at accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance of trade, especially of finished goods. Mercantilism dominated Western European economic policy and discourse from the 16th to late-18th centuries.[2] Mercantilism was a cause of frequent European wars and also motivated colonial expansion. Mercantilist theory varied in sophistication from one writer to another and evolved over time.
24
Q
culture of 1920’s
A
The expression was introduced again by the 1991 publication of Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America by James Davison Hunter, a sociologist at the University of Virginia. Hunter described what he saw as a dramatic realignment and polarization that had transformed American politics and culture.
He argued that on an increasing number of “hot-button” defining issues — abortion, gun politics, separation of church and state, privacy, recreational drug use, homosexuality, censorship — there existed two definable polarities. Furthermore, not only were there a number of divisive issues, but society had divided along essentially the same lines on these issues, so as to constitute two warring groups, defined primarily not by nominal religion, ethnicity, social class, or even political affiliation, but rather by ideological world views.
25
development and rise of prussia
a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg and centered on the region of Prussia. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organised and effective army. Prussia shaped the history of Germany, with its capital in Berlin after 1451. In 1871, German states united in creating the German Empire under Prussian leadership. In November 1918, the monarchies were abolished and the nobility lost its political power. Prussia was effectively abolished in 1932, and officially abolished in 1947
26
Balance of power and politics in 18th century
At the core of the balance of power theory is the idea that national security is enhanced when military capabilities are distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others.[1] If one state gains inordinate power, the theory predicts that it will take advantage of its strength and attack weaker neighbors thereby providing an incentive for those threatened to unite in a defensive coalition. Some realists maintain that this would be more stable as aggression would appear unattractive and would be averted if there was equilibrium of power between the rival coalitions.[
27
Social life on eve of french revolution
The more one studies the French Revolution the clearer it is how incomplete is the history of that great epoch, how many gaps in it remain to be filled, how many points demand elucidation. How could it be otherwise? The Great Revolution, that set all Europe astir, that overthrew everything, and began the task of universal reconstruction in the course of a few years, was the working of cosmic forces dissolving and re-creating a world. And if in the writings of the historians who deal with that period and especially of Michelet, we admire the immense work they have accomplished in disentangling and co-ordinating the innumerable facts of the various parallel movements that made up the Revolution, we realise at the same time the vastness of the work which still remains to be done.
28
population and demographic development in any period
Demographics are the quantifiable statistics of a given population. Demographics are also used to identify the study of quantifiable subsets within a given population which characterize that population at a specific point in time.
29
enlightened despots of 18th century
An enlightened despot is a form of absolute monarchy whereby rulers where influenced by cultural movement. Enlightened monarchs took up the principles of rationality and they used them in their territories. Enlightened despot is also known as benevolent or enlightened absolutism.
30
trade unions/anarchism/worker response in late 1900's
It includes a national economic policy aimed at accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance of trade, especially of finished goods. Mercantilism dominated Western European economic policy and discourse from the 16th to late-18th centuries.[2] Mercantilism was a cause of frequent European wars and also motivated colonial expansion. Mercantilist theory varied in sophistication from one writer to another and evolved over time.
31
Romanticism
a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual
32
treaty of versailles
the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
33
napoleons impact
Napoleon complex, or "short man syndrome", is a pejorative slang term describing a type of psychological phenomenon which is said to exist in people, usually men, of short stature.[1] It is characterized by overly-aggressive or domineering social behaviour, and carries the implication that such behaviour is compensatory for the subjects' stature. The term is also used more generally to describe people who are driven by a perceived handicap to overcompensate in other aspects of their lives. Other names for the term include Napoleon syndrome[2] and Short Man syndrome.[3]
34
Reign of terror
a period of remorseless repression or bloodshed, in particular Reign of Terror, the period of the Terror during the French Revolution.
35
varius treaties
1601 Treaty of Lyon (1601) Henry IV of France acquires Bugey, Valromey, Gex, and Bresse.
1604 Treaty of London, 1604 Ends hostilities between England and Spain.
1606 Peace of Žitava[45] Ends the Long War between the Ottoman Turkey and the Habsburg Monarchy.
Treaty of Vienna (1606)[46] Restores all constitutional and religious rights/privileges to the Hungarians in both Transylvania and Royal Hungary.
1608 Treaty of Lieben Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II surrenders Hungary, Austrian territories near the Danube River, and Moravia to his brother Matthias.
1609 Treaty of Antwerp (1609)[47] Spain and the Netherlands agree to a 12-year truce.
1610 Treaty of Brussol[48] Establishes a military alliance between Charles Emmanuel I and Henry IV of France against the Spanish in Italy.
1612 Treaty of Nasuh Pasha Treaty between Ottoman Turkey and Safavid Persia Revision of 1590 treaty. Persia regained some of its loses in 1590.
1613 Treaty of Knäred Ends the Kalmar War between Denmark and Sweden.
Two Row Wampum Treaty[49] Treaty between the Iroquois and representatives of the Dutch government.
1614 Treaty of Xanten Ends the War of the Jülich Succession.
1615 Peace of Asti Duke Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy relinquishes claims on Monferrato.
Peace of Tyrnau Recognizes Gábor Bethlen as the Prince of Transylvania.
Treaty of Serav Ratifies the treaty of 1612 between Ottoman Turkey and Safavid Persia
1616 Treaty of Loudun Ends hostilities between Queen Marie de' Medici and rebellious French princes led by Henry II, the third Prince of Condé.
1617 Treaty of Pavia Savoy cedes Monferrato to Mantua.
Treaty of Stolbovo Ends the Ingrian War between Sweden and Muscovy.
1618 Truce of Deulino[50] Ends the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18); expires in 1632.
1619 Treaty of Angoulême Ends civil war in France between supporters of Queen Marie de' Medici and her son, King Louis XIII of France.
Treaty of Munich (1619) Duke Maximilian of Bavaria allows Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II to use his forces in exchange for territories in the Electorate of the Palatinate.
1620 Treaty of Ulm (1620) The Protestant Union ceases its support of Frederick V of Bohemia.
1621 Peace of Nikolsburg[51] Ends the war between Prince Gabriel Bethlen of Transylvania and Emperor Ferdinand II of the Holy Roman Empire.
Treaty of Madrid (1621) Restores Valtelline to the Grisons and grants Protestants in the region religious freedoms.
Treaty of Khotyn Between Ottoman Turkey and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Treaty of the Hague (1621) A failed treaty of alliance between Denmark and the Dutch Republic
Treaty of Bremen A failed treaty of commerce between Denmark and the Dutch Republic
1622 Treaty of Montpellier[52] Between King Louis XIII of France and Duke Henry II of Rohan; confirms the Edict of Nantes.
1623 Treaty of Paris (1623) France, Savoy, and Venice agree to have Spanish forces leave Valtelline.
1625 Treaty of The Hague (1625) England and the Netherlands agree to economically support Christian IV of Denmark during the Thirty Years' War.
1626 Peace of Pressburg (1626)[16] Ends the revolt against the Habsburgs.
Treaty of Monzón France and Spain share equal rights in their control of Valtelline.
1627 Capitulation of Franzburg Duchy of Pomerania occupied by Albrecht von Wallenstein's imperial army
1628 Treaty of Munich Recognizes Duke Maximilian of Bavaria as a prince-elector; grants Maximilian control of the Upper Palatinate and the right bank of the Rhine River for thirty years.
1629 Edict of Restitution Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II attempts to reinforce the territorial and religious settlements made after the Peace of Augsburg.
Treaty of Lübeck Denmark withdraws from the Thirty Years' War.
Truce of Altmark[53] Ends hostilities between Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Peace of Alais[54] Between the Huguenots and King Louis XIII of France; confirms the basic principles of the Edict of Nantes with additional clauses.
1630 Peace of Regensburg[55] Temporarily halts the War of the Mantuan Succession.
Treaty of Stettin (1630) The Duchy of Pomerania allies with and is occupied by the Swedish Empire
Treaty of Madrid (1630) Ends English involvement in the Dutch Revolt.
1631 Treaty of Bärwalde France and Sweden establish an alliance against the Holy Roman Empire.
Treaty of Cherasco Ends the War of the Mantuan Succession.
Treaty of Munich (1631) France and Bavaria establish a secret "Catholic" alliance.
1632 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632) England returns New France (Quebec) to France.
Treaty of Ahmet Pasha Short lived peace treaty, ends hostalities between the Ottoman Turkey and the Safavid Persia
1634 Treaty of Polyanovka[56] Ends the Smolensk War between Poland and Muscovy.
1635 Peace of Prague (1635) Between the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, and most of the Protestant states of the Holy Roman Empire.
Treaty of Sztumska Wieś[57] The Swedish Empire concedes territories to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1636 Treaty of Wismar Establishes alliance between Sweden and France against the Habsburgs.
1638 Treaty of Hamburg (1638) Confirms Treaty of Wismar; France pays Sweden 1,000,000 livres.
Treaty of Hartford Cedes Pequot Indian lands to Connecticut River towns and outlaws Pequot settlement and the use of the Pequot language.
1639 Treaty of Berwick (1639)[58] Ends the First Bishops' War between Charles I of England and the Scots.
Treaty of Zuhab[59] Ends the war between Safavid Persia and the Ottoman Turkey. The borderline drawn by the treaty is still effective today.
Treaty of Asurar Ali Establishes the boundary between the Mughals and the Ahom kingdom.
1640 Treaty of Ripon Between Charles I of England and the Scots in the aftermath of the Second Bishops' War.
1642 Treaty of Axim (1642) Regulates the jurisdiction of the Netherlands and the Dutch West India Company in the town and polity of Axim.
1643 Solemn League and Covenant Between the Scottish Covenanters and the leaders of the English Parliamentarians.
1645 Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)[60] Ends the Torstenson War between Sweden and Denmark–Norway.
1647 Truce of Ulm (1647)[61] Forces Duke Maximilian of Bavaria to renounce his alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.
1648 Peace of Westphalia[62] Ends the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War, and establishes the principle of the sovereignty of nations in use today.
Treaty of Concordia[63] Divides the island of Saint Martin between France and the Netherlands.
1649 Peace of Rueil Ends the opening episodes of the Fronde, France's civil war.
Treaty of Zboriv Places three provinces of Ukraine under the control of the Cossacks.
1650 Treaty of Breda (1650) Between Charles II of England and the Scottish Covenanters during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
Treaty of Hartford Establishes boundary lines between New Amsterdam and English settlers in Connecticut.
1651 Treaty of Bila Tserkva Establishes peace between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ukrainian Cossacks after the Battle of Berestechko.
1653 Treaty of Stettin (1653) The Swedish Empire and Brandenburg partition Pomerania.
1654 Treaty of Pereyaslav Between Muscovy and Cossack Hetmanate.
Treaty of Westminster (1654) Ends the First Anglo-Dutch War.
1655 Treaty of Kėdainiai Second Northern War – Grand Duchy of Lithuania becomes Swedish protectorate
Union of Kėdainiai Second Northern War – Lithuanian–Swedish union
Treaty of Rinsk Second Northern War – anti-Swedish alliance of Brandenburg-Prussia and Royal Prussian estates
1656 Treaty of Königsberg (1656) Second Northern War –
36
Urban life in 19th century
Urban planning (urban, city, and town planning) is a technical and political process concerned with the use of land and design of the urban environment, including transportation networks, to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities. It concerns itself with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation and management.[
37
metternich and post 1815 diplomacy
Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (full name German: Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Fürst von Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein, anglicised as Clement Wenceslas Lothar von Metternich-Winneburg-Beilstein; 15 May 1773 – 11 June 1859[1]) was a politician and statesman of Rhenish extraction and one of the most important diplomats of his era, serving as the Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire from 1809 until the liberal revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation.
38
german politics after 1871
After the victory over Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna met from September 1814 to June 1815 to redraw the political map of Europe. The negotiations were largely characterised by attempts to bring about the restoration of the pre-revolutionary order. While the aim in terms of foreign policy was to restore the balance of power among the states of Europe, the domestic aim was to re-establish the monarchic principle, preferably without concessions to liberal and democratic ideology. Instead of the nation state to which many people aspired, the German princes created the German Confederation, comprising 37 principalities and four free cities. The only federal body was the Confederate Assembly in Frankfurt am Main, over which Austria presided and which was later rechristened Deutscher Bundestag, or German Federal Diet. Although the German Confederation had limited scope for constructive action because of the cumbersome nature of its institutional structures, it proved to be an effective instrument for the suppression of opposition activists over a lengthy period.
39
french politics 16 and 17th century
France is a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, in which the President of France is head of state and the Prime Minister of France is the head of government, and there is a pluriform, multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the government, Senate and National Assembly. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
40
accomplishments/actions of french revolution
- writing of the French constitution called the "declaration of the rights of man and citizen" in August 1789
- the creation of the French first Republic in September 1792
- the beheading of the king, Louis XVI, in January 1793
41
industrial revolution impact
```
Working Conditions
Living Conditions
Urbanization
Public Health and Life Expectancy
Child Labor
Working Class Families and the Role of Women
The Emerging Middle Class
Wealth and Income
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42
peter the great/reforms
Peter ascended to the throne in 1682; he ruled jointly with his half-brother Ivan V. After Ivan's death in 1696, Peter started his series of sweeping reforms. At first, these reforms were intended to support the Great Northern War; later, more systematic reforms significantly changed the internal construction and administration of the state.
43
oliver cromwell and puritan revolution
Oliver Cromwell was an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. Born into the middle gentry, Cromwell was relatively obscure for the first 40 years of his life
44
marxist theory
the political, economic, and social theories of Karl Marx including the belief that the struggle between social classes is a major force in history and that there should eventually be a society in which there are no classes
45
commerce wars
Commerce raiding is a form of naval warfare used to destroy or disrupt logistics of the enemy on the open sea by attacking its merchant shipping, rather than engaging its combatants or enforcing a blockade against them.[1] It is also known, in French, as guerre de course (literally, "war of the chase") and, in German, Handelskrieg ("trade war"), from the nations most heavily committed to it historically as a strategy.
46
role of vatican
BOTH the Rockefeller Commission and NSSM 200 studies were sophisticated undertakings. Complex activities generated the political will that led to them. The key people in our government examined the data and the logic that led to an inescapable conclusion: further rapid world population growth is a grave threat to American and global security. They agreed on this and they acted.
To reverse this process and to reverse it so quietly that only a few took notice, also required great sophistication. Only an exceeding well led, well financed, well connected, highly committed, autocratic organization could have succeeded. A politically sophisticated institution was necessarily involved.
The authors of NSSM 200 noted that the only institutional opposition to the World Population Plan of Action -- adopted by consensus of 137 nations at the August 1974 United Nations World Population Conference -- was the Vatican. The Vatican was intensely motivated to act against the Rockefeller Commission and NSSM 200 recommendations because the Catholic hierarchy was convinced that the survival of the institution of the Papacy was on the line.
47
milatery/diplomatic affects of wwi
World War One had a devastating impact on Germany. Throughout World War One, the people of Germany had been led to believe by their government that they were winning the war. Government propaganda had been used to great effect. When the temporarily blinded Adolf Hitler had gone into hospital in 1918 (the result of a gas attack), he, along with many German soldiers, was convinced that Germany was not only winning the war but was in the process of putting together a major military assault on Allied lines.
48
imperialism
n the early 1800s, European nations had just a toehold in Africa, holding only areas along the coast. In the mid-18OOs, though, Europeans had renewed interest in Africa. This rose, in part, from a desire to create overseas empires, a movement called imperialism. European nations wanted to control lands that had raw materials they needed for their industrial economies. They also wanted to open up markets for the goods they made. Nationalism fed the drive for empires as well. A nation often felt that gaining colonies was a measure of its greatness. Racism was another reason. Europeans thought that they were better than Africans. Finally, Christian missionaries supported imperialism. They thought that European rule would end the slave trade and help them convert native peoples.
As a result of these factors, the nations of Europe began to seize lands in Africa. Technology helped them succeed. Steam engines, railroads, and telegraphs made them able to penetrate deep into Africa and still have contact with the home country Machine guns gave them a weapon of far greater power than any African peoples possessed. Finally, discovery of quinine gave doctors a weapon against malaria, which struck Europeans. They were also helped by the lack of unity among African peoples.
49
louis XIV and devine right monarchy
he divine right of kings, or divine-right theory of kingship, is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God. The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm, including (in the view of some, especially in Protestant countries) the Church. According to this doctrine, only God can judge an unjust king. The doctrine implies that any attempt to depose the king or to restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act. It is often expressed in the phrase "by the Grace of God", attached to the titles of a reigning monarch.
50
rise of social warfare in 19th century
1900 Educator Simon N. Patten coins the term "social workers" and applies it to friendly visitors and settlement house residents. He and Mary Richmond dispute whether the major role of social workers should be advocacy or delivering individualized social services.
1902 Homer Folks, founder and head of the New York State Charities Aid Association, publishes Care of Destitute, Neglected and Delinquent Children. His philosophy becomes influential in subsequent child welfare goals and methods.
1903 Graham Taylor and others establish the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy, which eventually becomes the University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration.
1905 A social services department is established in Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston to help patients deal with the social problems of their illnesses. Within the next decade, more than 100 hospitals hire hospital social workers.
1906 School social work programs are introduced in New York and other cities.
Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle leads to the U.S. Pure Food and Drugs Act (Ch. 3915, 34 Stat. 768).
1907 Psychiatric social work begins at Massachusetts General Hospital when social workers are hired to work with mentally ill patients.
The United States passes laws governing immigration.
1908 Pittsburgh Associated Charities is founded as the first community welfare council in the nation.
1909 The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded. Social workers Mary White Ovington and Henry Moskowitz and others help organize black and white people to establish this voluntary organization oriented toward the protection of the legal and social rights of black people and other groups.
President Theodore Roosevelt convenes the first White House Conference, bringing together social workers and other leaders to discuss the problems of America’s children.
1910 Several states pass "workmen’s compensation laws" to protect wage earners from the economic risks of injury or unemployment. By 1920, all but six states have some form of workers’ compensation program.
Boy Scouts of America is founded, based on the British Boy Scouts established in 1907.
Social workers and others found the National Urban League.
1911 Great Britain passes the National Insurance Act, which organizes a health and compensation program paid for by contributions from workers, employers, and the public.
1912 The U.S. Children’s Bureau is created, headed by social worker and former Hull House resident Julia Lathrop.
Girl Scouts of America is founded as part of the Girl Guides/Girl Scouts movement.
1913 The U.S. Department of Labor is created, primarily to promote the welfare of American workers.
The U.S. Department of Commerce is established.
1914 The Harrison Narcotics Acts (Ch. 1, 38 Stat. 785) becomes U.S. law, establishing the government organization later known as the Bureau of Narcotics; the act makes the sale and use of certain drugs a criminal offense.
The Boston Psychopathic Hospital establishes a social services department and uses the title "psychiatric social worker" for the first time.
1915 In an address to the National Conference on Social Welfare (NCSW), Abraham Flexner declares that social work has not yet qualified as a profession, espe-cially because its members do not have a great deal of individual responsibility and because it still lacks a written body of knowledge and educationally communicable techniques.
Margaret Sanger publishes Family Limitation, the first book on birth control.
1917 Mary Richmond publishes Social Diagnosis (New York: Russell Sage Foundation). Social workers use her book as a primary text and as an answer to Abraham Flexner’s 1915 report.
The first organization for social workers is established. The National Social Workers Exchange exists primarily to process applicants for social work jobs. Later the group becomes the American Association of Social Workers (AASW).
1918 The American Association of Hospital Social Workers (AAHSW) is formed as the first specialty within the new field. The organization is renamed the American Association of Medical Social Workers (AAMSW) in 1934.
Ida M. Cannon, director of medical social work at Massachusetts General Hospital, delineates the principles of medical social work.
Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, establishes the first training program for psychiatric social workers.
51
french politics of 20th century
In 1914, the territory of France was different from today's France in two important ways: most of Alsace and the northeastern part of Lorraine had been annexed by Germany in 1870 (following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71), and the North-African country of Algeria had been established as an integral part of France (a "département") in 1848. Alsace-Lorraine would be restored at the end of World War I (only to be lost again, temporarily, to the Germans a second time during World War II). Calls for Algerian independence became common after 1945, but Algeria was no mere colony. With over a million European residents in Algeria, France refused to grant independence until a bloody colonial war (the Algerian War of Independence) had turned into a French political and civil crisis; Algeria was given its independence in 1962, unleashing a massive wave of immigration from the former colony back to France.
52
examples/impact of imperialism on colony/colonizer
An example of this is the Sikhs in India. The Sikhs created the powerful state of Punjab in 1800, which became a threat to British-controlled India and after two years of war Britain annexed the Punjab in 1849. The Sikhs were loyal to the British. In return for that loyalty, during the Sepoy Mutiny the British gave them preferential land grants. Throughout British rule, the Sikhs gained wealth and a great reputation as soldiers and policemen. After independence, they lost all of their special privileges and found their state divided between India and Pakistan. This followed with a bitter war against the Muslims in 1965, which forced the Sikhs to migrate from their homeland of Punjab to India. This followed a year of extreme agitation between the Muslims and the Sikhs that led Indian government to create Punjab as a single Punjabi-speaking state in 1966. It remains to this day the home of most of India's 16 million Sikhs.
53
policies of goverments during great depression
evere despondency and dejection, typically felt over a period of time and accompanied by feelings of hopelessness and inadequacy.
54
lenins new economic policy
The NEP represented a more capitalism-oriented economic policy, deemed necessary after the Russian Civil War of 1917 to 1922, to foster the economy of the country, which was almost ruined. The complete nationalization of industry, established during the period of War Communism, was partially revoked and a system of mixed economy was introduced, which allowed private individuals to own small enterprises,[1] while the state continued to control banks, foreign trade, and large industries.
55
wilsons 14 points
Open claims of the government whose title is to be determined.
The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy, and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing.
Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired.
All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all.
A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.
The people of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development.
Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into.
The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees.
An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant.
A general association of nations must be formed under specific covena
56
league of nations
an international organization to promote world peace and cooperation that was created by the Treaty of Versailles (1919): dissolved April 1946.
57
rise and fall of spain
The modern Kingdom of Spain is the successor of Habsburg Spain, which unified a number of disparate predecessor kingdoms in 1500; its modern form of a constitutional monarchy was introduced in 1812, the current democratic constitution dates to 1978.
The Iberian Peninsula was first entered by anatomically modern humans at about 32,000 years ago. Spanish prehistory extends to the pre-Roman Iron Age cultures that controlled most of Iberia: those of the Iberians, Celtiberians, Tartessans, Lusitanians and Vascones and trading settlements of Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians on the Mediterranean coast.
58
comparison of various revolutions
Revolution—which is a sudden or significant change in the old ways of doing things—
can occur in many areas, such as government, technology, or art. In Unit 5, you studied
political revolutions in Europe and the Americas, in which people rebelled against
unjust rulers to gain more rights. Each revolution led to major changes in governmental,
social, and economic structures. In these six pages, you will gain a better understanding
of those revolutions by examining their similarities and differences.
59
rise and philosophy of facism
an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.
60
sciences and philosophy challenge to liberalism
Philosophical liberalism poses a challenge for the ideological analyst since it illustrates the divide between ideology and political philosophy discussed in Part I of the book, even though at least one of its most representative formulators (R. Dworkin) refers to its distinct ideological features. It is almost entirely ahistorical despite superficial allusions to the historical liberal tradition, and adopts the conceptual purism of some philosophers in its attempts to isolate the synchronic constitutive principles of liberalism ‘as such’; it is formalism and rule bound. It is currently the most carefully argued and academically the most widely discussed liberal theory, and moreover, follows the academic trend of resurrecting major ideologies
61
diplomacy of interwar
The world recovers from war and then plunges into depression. The United States encourages disarmament and new relationships with America's neighbors.
62
postwar
occurring or existing after a war (especially World War II).
63
holocoust and or nazi party
a Jewish sacrificial offering that is burned completely on an altar.
64
stalins economic and political actions to modernize USSR
Stalin perfected the Socialist theory and made it a reality in the USSR.
For hundreds of years Russian farms were not able to produce enough food or bring enough food to the market place to feed the population which led to massive strife and several anti government movements including the Russian Revolution of 1917 which brought Lenin to power. Stalin did the socialist thing of spreading the wealth. He made less people to feed. Stalin sent millions of people to gulags all over Russia. Trying to eradicate entire races of people he did not view as loyal Russian.
Stalin made a rich country poor, a poor people poorer, and brought forward a reign of terror and fear that lasted decades.
65
de-stalinization
social process of neutralizing the influence of Joseph Stalin by revising his policies and removing monuments dedicated to him and renaming places named in his honor; "his statue was demolished as part of destalinization"
66
existentalism
a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.
67
social conditions in postwar
Postwar Britain covers the history of the United Kingdom since 1945. For more details on politics and warfare, see History of the United Kingdom (1945–present).
68
second vatican council
The Second Vatican Council (Latin: Concilium Oecumenicum Vaticanum Secundum or informally known as Vatican II) addressed relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern world.[2] It was the twenty-first ecumenical council of the Catholic Church and the second to be held at Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. The council, through the Holy See, formally opened under the pontificate of Pope John XXIII on 11 October 1962 and closed under Pope Paul VI on the Feast of the Immaculate Conception in 1965.
69
marshall plan and other u.s. coldwar policies
The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the American initiative to aid Europe, in which the United States gave economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism.[1] The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948.[2] The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, and make Europe prosperous again.[3] The phrase "equivalent of the Marshall Plan" is often used to describe a proposed large-scale rescue program.[4]
70
revolts in hungry
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 or Hungarian Uprising of 1956[5] (Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom or felkelés) was a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956. It was the first major threat to Soviet control since the USSR's forces drove out the Nazis at the end of World War II and occupied Eastern Europe. Despite the failure of the uprising, it was highly influential, and came to play a role in the downfall of the Soviet Union decades later.[6]
71
thomas hobbes and john locke
Hobbes: Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, in some older texts Thomas Hobbs of Malmsbury, was an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy
Locke:John Locke FRS, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and known as the "Father of Classical Liberalism
72
territorial development of any of the major states
They expande, gained more land, and some like germany were divided. more land equals more power.
73
society in renaissance italy
Urban society in the Renaissance period was thoroughly commercialized; everything had a price. There were two particularly dense areas of urbanization, North Italy and the Low Countries, which acted as the main hubs for international trade in commodities such as wool and woollen cloth, silk, tapestries, spices, silver and fine armour. With the invention of printing Venice came also to be the centre of the European book trade, ideas travelling rapidly via the well-established commercial network. The Renaissance prince, the aspirant courtier or socially climbing merchant provided a ready market for all these commodities, for expensive fabrics and intricately decorated armour were as much manifestations of magnificentia as paintings or sculpture. And it was only in the town, with its concentration of skilled artisans, that the manufacture of luxury goods and the complex technology of book production was possible
74
religious wars of 16th and 17th century
he European wars of religion were a series of religious wars waged in Europe from ca. 1524 to 1648, following the onset of the Protestant Reformation in Western and Northern Europe. Although sometimes unconnected, all of these wars were strongly influenced by the religious change of the period, and the conflict and rivalry that it produced. This is not to say that the combatants were neatly or only divided by religion, as they were often not.
Individual conflicts that can be distinguished within this topic include:
Conflicts immediately connected with the Reformation of the 1520s to 1540s:
The German Peasants' War (1524–1525)
The battle of Kappel in Switzerland (1531)
The Schmalkaldic War (1546–1547) in the Holy Roman Empire
The Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) in the Low Countries
The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)
The Thirty Years War (1618–1648), affecting the Holy Roman Empire including Habsburg Austria and Bohemia, France, Denmark and Sweden
The Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–1651), affecting England, Scotland and Ireland
Scottish Reformation and Civil Wars
English Reformation and Civil War
Irish Confederate Wars and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
75
crimean war
The Crimean War (pronounced /kraɪˈmiːən/ or /krɨˈmiːən/) (October 1853 – February 1856)[7][8]:7 was a conflict in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. While neutral, the Austrian Empire also played a role in defeating the Russians.
76
rise of various nation states 15-16th century
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500 to 2000, by Paul Kennedy, first published in 1987, explores the politics and economics of the Great Powers from 1500 to 1980 and the reason for their decline. It then continues by forecasting the positions of China, Japan, the European Economic Community (EEC), the Soviet Union and the United States through the end of the 20th century.[
77
role of habsburgs
The House of Habsburg (/ˈhæbs.bɜrɡ/; German pronunciation: [ˈhaːps.bʊʁk]), also spelled Hapsburg,[1] was one of the most important royal houses of Europe. The throne of the Holy Roman Empire was continuously occupied by the Habsburgs between 1438 and 1740. The house also produced kings of Bohemia, England, Germany, Hungary, Croatia, Ireland, Portugal, and Spain, as well as rulers of several Dutch and Italian countries.
78
enlightment philosophies
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Voltaire
montesquieu
home
hobes
locke
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79
respond to industrial revolution
Both the 1st and 2nd industrial revolution spawned 2 major reactions. On the one hand people dreamed about an utopic future without poverty and machines doing all the hard work for the people.
80
G.B.'s unique political development
The United Kingdom is a unitary democracy governed within the framework of a constitutional monarchy, in which the Monarch is the head of state and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by Her Majesty's Government, on behalf of and by the consent of the Monarch, as well as by the devolved Governments of Scotland and Wales, and the Northern Ireland Executive. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the House of Commons and the House of Lords, as well as in the Scottish parliament and Welsh and Northern Ireland assemblies. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The highest national court is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.
81
early course of french revolution
The French Revolution was the revolt of the Third Estate (the poorest French citizen) against the Monarchy.
The representatives of the Third Estate revolted against Louis XVI, king of France, during the estates general meeting in June 1789.
They declared themselves a National Assembly and wrote France a constitution.
The revolt then spread all over France. The Bastille was stormed in July 14th, 1789.
The Monarchy was overthrown and France became a Republic in September 21st, 1792.
Finally, the revolution ended in a blood bath with the Reign of Terror in 1793-94.
82
development of families in 19th centuy
The Middle Class, although still a minority, was beginning to have a profound impact on values, even beyond the members of its own class.
The new industrial age had separated the home from the workplace. This encouraged a more precise definition of the roles of women and men. While men were supposed to be the breadwinners, the women were supposed to care for the home and the children. It became a matter of self-esteem for a man to be able to support the family without his wife having to work. Women were not supposed to work outside the home or to otherwise be
involved in public.
The new industrial age had created a variety of new occupations, most of which required more years of education and training then ever before. This placed great emphasis upon family provision for education of their children, especially sons. Full maturity and independence was delayed. Adolescence became a distinctive phase of life. Families were to be the stable bulwark which assured that the next generation followed in the father's footsteps (and beyond).
The family generally became more stable. Rates of illegitimacy declined. But stresses upon the family increased. Men were more likely to be remote, austere father-figures to the children. Women were more likely to be frustrated by a home-confining value system. Children sometimes were overwhelmed by the high expectations their parents put upon them.
There was also a double-standard in that men could have affairs and frequent houses of prostitution so long as they were "reasonably" discreet, while women were expected to uphold the "sanctity" of the family.
83
bismarck and unification of germany
The formal unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871 at the Versailles Palace's Hall of Mirrors in France. Princes of the German states gathered there to proclaim Wilhelm of Prussia as Emperor Wilhelm of the German Empire after the French capitulation in the Franco-Prussian War. Unofficially, the de facto transition of most of the German-speaking populations into a federated organizations of states occurred far earlier, via alliances formal and informal between noblemen— but also fitfully as self-interests of parties hampered the process over nearly a century of aristocratic experimentation from the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire (1806) and the consequent rise of nationalism over the span of the Napoleonic Wars era.
84
opposition of french revolution
The French Counter-Revolution (1789-1815) was composed of various groups both in and outside of France who were opposed to the French Revolution and actively sought to change its course.
85
womens right and sufferage
women still had no political say or rights. some were now able to work in farms, enlist in the army, or work in some shops and possibly own small businesses without needing the husbands approval.
86
darwin and theory of evolution
god created earth and then backed away but is still in controll of us. we are all born with sin and cannot be babtised until older to make a decision.
87
causes of russian/french revolution
Both Revolutions had at their core the introduction of a major new political doctrine. Both doctrines had their respective literary heros. For French Republicanism, it was Voltaire. For Russian Communism, it was Karl Marx.
Both found their seeds in the peasant classes that were struggling for survival under a regime that had held the crown for hundreds of years. Although unrest was present in both France and Russia for many years prior to 1789 and 1917, and plenty of little sparks had gone off here and there, the catalyst that ultimately led to total insurrection was hunger.
88
causes of industrial revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation had a profound effect on socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain and subsequently spread throughout Europe and North America and eventually the world, a process that continues as industrialisation. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human social history, comparable to the invention of farming or the rise of the first city-states; almost every aspect of daily life and human society was eventually influenced in some way.
89
sigmund freud and his ideas on the irrational
Sigmund Freud (German pronunciation: [ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏ̯t]; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis.
Freud qualified as a doctor of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1881,[2] and then carried out research into cerebral palsy, aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy at the Vienna General Hospital.[3] He was appointed a university lecturer in neuropathology in 1885 and became a professor in 1902.
90
method of control over colonies
well it wasnt until after the French and Indian war that England really tried to totally control the colonies. They imposed taxes, such as the stamp act, and the tea tax. Some of the colonies had governors apointed by the British to run their colony. They also didnt want the colonies to engage in trade with other countries so they would try to control ports. The proclamation of 1763 also stated that colonists couldn't move into the land west of the Appalachian mountains
91
impact of voyages of exploration
The traditional land trade routes,in particular the Silk Road,had been closed off by expansion of the Muslim Ottoman empire,especially after they captured Constantinople in 1453.The trans Saharan trade routes had long been dominated by other Muslims,so if Europe was going to get the spices and other Asian imports in the quantities that were in demand,Europeans needed to find new trade routes,and seaborne ones were the only new trade routes available.
92
congress of vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815. The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. The goal was not simply to restore old boundaries, but to resize the main powers so they could balance each other off and remain at peace. The leaders were conservatives with little use for republicanism or revolution. France lost all its recent conquests, while Prussia, Austria and Russia made major territorial gains. Prussia added smaller German states in the west and 40% of the Kingdom of Saxony; Austria gained Venice and much of northern Italy. Russia gained parts of Poland. The new kingdom of the Netherlands had been created just months before, and included formerly Austrian territory that in 1830 became Belgium.
93
important scientist
Sir Isaac Newton. (1642-1726) Newton was a polymath who made investigations into a whole range of subjects including mathematics, optics, physics, and astronomy. In his Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, he laid the foundations for classical mechanics, explaining law of gravity and the Laws of Motion.
Louis Pasteur. (1822 – 1895) Contributed greatly towards the advancement of medical sciences developing cures for rabies, anthrax and other infectious diseases. Also enabled process of pasteurisation to make milk safer to drink. Probably saved more lives than any other person.
Galileo. (1564 – 1642) Creating one of the first modern telescope, Galileo revolutionised our understanding of the world successfully proving the earth revolved around the sun and not the other way around. His work Two New Sciences laid ground work for science of Kinetics and strength of materiels.
Marie Curie. (1867 – 1934) Polish physicist and chemist. Discovered radiation and helped to apply it in the field of X ray. She won Nobel Prize in both Chemistry and Physics.
Albert Einstein. (1879 – 1955) Revolutionised modern physics with his general theory of relativity. Won Nobel Prize in Physics (1921) for his discovery of the Photoelectric effect, which formed basis of Quantum Theory.
Charles Darwin. (1809 – 1882) Developed theory of evolution against a backdrop of disbelief and scepticism. Collected evidence over 20 years, and published conclusions in On the Origin of Species (1859).
Otto Hahn (1879-1968) - German Chemist who discovered nuclear fission (1939). Pioneering scientist in the field of radio-chemistry. Discovered radio-active elements and nuclear isomerism (1921). Awarded Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1944)
Nikola Tesla (1856 –1943) - Work on electro-magnetism and AC current. Credited with many patents from electricity to radio transmission.
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) - Made great strides in understanding electro-magnetism. His research in electricity and kinetics, laid foundation for quantum physics. Einstein said of Maxwell, "The work of James Clerk Maxwell changed the world forever."
Aristotle 384BC - 322BC Great early Greek scientist who made many researches in the natural sciences including botany, zoology, physics, astronomy, chemistry, and meteorology, geometry
94
rise of domestic policies
Nazi's started in small organizations and little by little they were gaining peoples trust and approval of becoming a leading factor in germany.
95
what lead up to WWII
Out of all causes of World War II, the desire of Adolf Hitler, in control of Nazi Germany, to dominate Europe (especially agrarian lands in to the East of Germany) and resettle German farmers was paramount. He was allied primarily with Japan (which desired to dominate East Asia, especially China), as well as Italy (which had its own ambitions). After Hitler had taken control of Austria and Czechoslovakia by early 1939, Britain and France reversed their policy of appeasement and switched to a policy of deterrence, warning they would declare war if Germany attacked Poland. In response, Hitler signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union in late August that also agreed to divide up Poland and the Baltic states. Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. Two days later, the United Kingdom and France declared war, followed by Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa.
96
western economic integration after WWII
Only thirty years had passed between the start of the First World War and the end of the Second World War. Both wars were triggered by conflicts between European states and had plunged the nations of the world into war. At the heart of the World Wars was the conflict between Germany and its European neighbours. These were some of the most developed countries in the world and yet they sought to destroy each other. Germany invaded France twice in 26 years, each time also invading Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg and drawing Great Britain and Russia into the conflict. Eventually both these wars grew from regional conflicts to span the globe.
97
battles during WWII
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Battles of Fort Capuzzo: June 1940-November 1942
East African Campaign: June 1940-November 1942
Italian conquest of British Somaliland
Battle of Keren
Battle of Keren June 1940
Battle of Gondar
Battle of Dakar: September 1940
Battle of Gabon: November 1940
Operation Compass: December 1940-February 1941
Battle of Keren: February 1941-April 1941
Siege of Tobruk: April–November 1941
Iraq Campaign: May 22, 1941
Operation Brevity: May 1941
Operation Skorpion: May 1941
Operation Battleaxe: June 1941
Syria–Lebanon Campaign: June–July 1941
Iran Campaign: June–July 1941
Battle of Gondar: November 1941
Operation Crusader: November–December 1941
Battle of Gazala: May–June 1942
Battle of Bir Hakeim:
Battle of Madagascar: May–November 1942
First Battle of El Alamein: July 1942
Battle of Alam el Halfa: August–September 1942
Second Battle of El Alamein: October–November 1942
Battle of El Agheila: December 1942
Operation Torch: November 1942
Operation Terminal
Battle of Casablanca
Tunisia Campaign: November 1942-May 1943
Battle of the Kasserine Pass
Battle of Sidi Bou Zid
Battle of Medenine
Operation Pugilist
Battle of El Guettar
Battle of Hill 609
Operation Vulcan
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98
comparison of tolatarian goverments
Hitler
1)he concentrated his hatred toward the Jews
2)he refused to listen to his Generals commanding the battle
stalin
1)he had his own cult of personality
2)he emerged as one of the victors in ww2
Mussolini
1)the earliest loser of the Axis power in Europe
2)he died hanging upside down in Rome,Italy
99
causes of WWI
The main causes of World War I, which began in central Europe in late July 1914, included many factors, such as the conflicts and hostility between the great European powers of the four decades leading up to the war. Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism played major roles in the conflict as well. The immediate origins of the war, however, lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914 caused by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie by Gavrilo Princip, an irredentist Serb and member of the Serbian nationalist organization, the Black Hand.[1]
100
practices and developments of feudalism
Feudalism was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a system for structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.
