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Trial HSC 2021 - ALL SUBJECTS > Apartheid in South Africa 1960-1994 > Flashcards

Apartheid in South Africa 1960-1994 Flashcards

1
Q

What does PAC stand for

A

Pan Africanist Congress

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2
Q

What does ANC stand for

A

African National Congress

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3
Q

What does UDF stand for

A

United Democratic Front

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4
Q

What was the name of the ANC’s military wing

A

Umkhonto de Sizwe

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5
Q

Other names for Umkhonto de Sizwe

A

‘The Spear of the Nation’ and ‘MK’

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6
Q

What does BCM stand for

A

Black Consciousness Movement

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7
Q

What does Apartheid mean in Afrikaans

A

Apartness

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8
Q

What did the white minority fear?

A

The majority black, ‘swart gevaar’ or ‘black danger’

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9
Q

What is the ‘Winds of Change’ Speech

A

WoC speech was a speech delivered by British PM, Harold Macmillan, which made clear his belief that segregation and racism was ending, and should end in S.A

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10
Q

What did S.A deem decolonisation to be

A

A betrayal of S.A. and the ‘white man’

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11
Q

What were the four groups of population in S.A

A
  • Whites
  • Coloureds
  • Asians
  • Blacks/Africans (the indigenous people)
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12
Q

What percentage of S.A’s population was WHITE in 1960

A

19.3% of S.A’s population

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13
Q

What percentage of S.A’s population was BLACK in 1960

A

68.3% of S.A’s population

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14
Q

Define ideology

A

A set of beliefs or principles, especially one on which a political system is based

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15
Q

What was the ideological foundation of APARTHEID

A

That the different races in S.A needed to be separated for their own benefit

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16
Q

What did Afrikaners believe races living together was

A

That is was; impossible, impracticable and ungodly for different races to live together

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17
Q

What are Afrikaners

A

White people living in South Africa, from Dutch/German decent

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18
Q

What was the policy of Separate Development

A

Separate Development consisted of racial apartness which became the political and legal doctrine of apartheid

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19
Q

What were Bantustans

A

Ethnic tribal homelands for black people

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20
Q

What was the key function of BANTUSTANS

A

To keep blacks and whites separated entirely, to keep the white race ‘pure’.

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21
Q

What were the POLITICAL issues in South Africa in 1960

A
  • Attempted decolonisation was a betrayal of S.A and ‘white man’
  • Both the UN and Organisation of African Unity (OAU) demanded S.A end its racial policies
  • ‘Winds of Change’ speech by British PM
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22
Q

What were the ECONOMIC issues in South Africa in 1960

A
  • S.A had maintained its economic ties with US + Britain
  • S.A economy was booming in 1960s due to cheap black labour and mining minerals
  • Despite S.A’s prosperity, blacks lived in poverty
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23
Q

What were the SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC issues in South Africa in 1960

A
  • By 1960, S.A population was classified into 4 groups
    1. White
    2. Coloured
    3. Asians
    4. Blacks
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24
Q

What did Frederick R. Tomlinson advise the S.A government regarding apartheid

A
  • That separation of races would work if govt funded it
    > Major reason why Apartheid fell
  • Recommended that Homelands/Bantustans were set-up and become Bantu homelands
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25
Q

What was the white govt. paranoid about

A
  • Swaart gevaar
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26
Q

What did the white govt do in 1960s regarding the ‘Swaart gevaar’

A
  • Instituted influx control laws
    > Limited number of Pass Books to black S.A’s to limit movement

It was necessary to have a Pass Book to travel in S.A

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27
Q

From when did black S.A’s have to carry a Pass Book

A

1952

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28
Q

What are Pass Raids

A

Police conducted raids, checking that all black S.A’s had a Pass Book, or they were beaten and arrested

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29
Q

Legislation regarding Mixed Marriages

A

Prohibition of mixed marriages, 1949: Registration of marriage between white and other races was ILLEGAL

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30
Q

Legislation regarding Population Grouping

A

Population Registration Act, 1950: Classification of population into 4 groups;

  • White
  • Coloured
  • Asian
  • Black
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31
Q

Legislation regarding Pass Books

A

The Natives Act, 1952: Enforced them to be carried by all men living in ‘white areas’

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32
Q

Topics of the 5 legislation from instituted from 1949-1953

A
  • Mixed Marriages
  • Pass Books
  • Population groupings
  • Bantustans
  • Separate amenities
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33
Q

Legislation regarding Bantustans

A

The Natives Act, 1952: Enforced Pass Books to be carried by all black S.A’s over 16 living in ‘white areas’.

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34
Q

Legislation regarding Separate Amenities

A

Separate Amenities Act, 1953: Marked out public areas and services with ‘European Only’, ‘Coloured’s’, etc. signs

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35
Q

What happened to white people that protested

A

They were ostracised by their community

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36
Q

What was Black communication in terms of?”

A

A Master-Servant relationship

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37
Q

What did Elderly black men refer white children as

A

Baas or ‘master’

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38
Q

What were black men (regardless of age) known as

A

Kaffir or ‘boys’

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39
Q

Black townships in the 1960s

A
  • Facilities and services in black towns were inferior to white ones in ever aspect
  • Overcrowded, poverty stricken as well as infertile soil that made self-sufficiency impossible
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40
Q

3 main principles of apartheid policy

A
  • No political rights for black people
  • Influx control and apartheid in industry
  • Separate Development for black people in their own territories
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41
Q

What was S.A’s international standing in the 1960s

A
  • Started to face international criticism over apartheid, yet diplomatic, economic and sporting ties still existed
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42
Q

Stat of who owned land by how much people

A

80% of S.A’s land was owned by 10% of its population

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43
Q

What was South Africa’s ECONOMY like in the 1960s

A
  • Booming > Mining, minerals and cheap black labour were reasons for economic boom
  • White population lived comfortably as a result
  • Blacks lived in poverty, although they were the back-bone of the economy
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44
Q

What was the NATURE of the ANC

A
  • Initially created as the South African Native National Congress (SANNC) in 1912
  • Very passive, non-violent organisation that hoped to improve civil rights for Africans under the white govt. apartheid regime
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45
Q

What was the NATURE of the PAC

A
  • PAC was formed as a splinter-group due to belief that the ANC’s approach toward civil rights was too passive
  • Devoted to a more confrontational approach
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46
Q

What was the GROWTH of the ANC

A
  • AIM: To encourage mass protests, boycotts of white services and passive resistance
  • Adopted resistance behaviours during apartheid > Known as Program of Action
  • Did not represent majority of blacks
  • Members of the ANC Youth League demanded a more assertive program of action
  • Only later adopted more aggressive approach, with the Umkhonto de Sizwe
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47
Q

What was the GROWTH of the PAC

A
  • Headed by Robert Sobukwe
  • Envisaged “independence” through united resistance
    > Pan-Africanist meaning all Africans can unite bcs. of their commonalities
  • Drew support from areas the ANC wasn’t popular in, such as the Langa area.
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48
Q

What was the IMPACT of the ANC

A

The Defiance Campaign proveed unsuccessful due to harsh government repression. Police simply continued to respond to ANC’s protests with violence and shooting, killing protestors
> Forced to call of Defiance Campaign

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49
Q

What was the IMPACT of the PAC

A
  • Moved to a more violent approach of much more confrontation and violence
  • However, PAC organised Sharpeville mass protest against Pass Laws, ended in police opening fire, killing 69 and wounding 180
    > PAC and ANC banned by Govt.
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50
Q

What was ANC’s policy

A

Policy: Non racial democratic freedom for all races

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51
Q

What was PAC’s policy

A

To stand for oppressed African people. Claiming that black people along should be responsible for policy changes without white interference

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52
Q

What ‘type’ of organisations were ANC and PAC

A

ANC: Moderate
PAC: Extremist

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53
Q

What was the Defiance Campaign

A

A number of non-violent protests with the aim of deliberately but politely break apartheid laws such as curfews and Pass Laws.

Not effective due to govt repression

> Police responded with extreme violence, thousands of protests jailed/fined

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54
Q

What was Program of Action

A

The assertive mass protest adopted by ANC in 1949.

Was ANC’s primary strategy against the apartheid regime. Considered to be too passive

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55
Q

What were Pass Books

A

Like a passport, used in apartheid to classify/identify anyone that wasn’t white.

Blacks and coloureds were forced to carry at all times or risk being arrested/fined

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56
Q

What was the Freedom Charter

A

Demands compiled by members of the Congress Alliance.

Members of the Congress Alliance travelled around S.A collecting demands for a ‘just and free society’

Became an ideology

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57
Q

What was the Congress Alliance

A

Following the fail of the Defiance Campaign, a number of groups formed the Congress Alliance

  • ANC
  • South African Council of Trade Unions
  • South African Indian Congress
  • Coloured Peoples Association
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58
Q

What was the Sharpeville Massacre

A

PAC organised protest against Pass Laws, consisted of thousands of demonstrators to convey their opposition to Pass Laws

> Police opened fire killing 69, wounding 180

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59
Q

When was the Sharpeville Massacre

A

21 March 1960

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60
Q

What did the Sharpeville Massacre ultimately show the White govt?

A

That apartheid could be maintained through the elimination of anti-apartheid political organisations

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61
Q

What were the implications of the Sharpeville Massacre for non-white S.A’s

A
  • ANC & PAC banned and forced underground

- ANC & PAC both changed their approach to a more militant one

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62
Q

What was the ANC’s Military wing

A

Umkhonto de Sizwe, “The Spear of the Nation” (MK)

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63
Q

What was the PAC’s Military wing

A

Poqo

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64
Q

What was significant about PAC’s ‘Poqo’

A

It was the first black organisation that openly accepted taking of human life as part of its strategy

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65
Q

What happened simultaneously to the Sharpeville Massacre

A

Protest in the Langa Township, PAC was demonstrating and 20,000~ protestors gathered

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66
Q

What happened in Langa, at the same time as Sharpeville

A
  • 20,000~ protestors gathered
  • Stones throwing at police
  • Police opened fire, killing 2 and wounding 49
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67
Q

What is, Phillip Kgosana’s protest

A

Local PAC leader, Phillip Kgosana led 30,000 to the House of Parliament to protest against police violence.

Police didnt have numbers so they compromised and suspended Pass Laws

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68
Q

What happened to the protest regarding Pass Laws led by Kgosana

A

Pass Laws were suspended “superficially” as Police didnt have enough numbers vs protestors

> Next day: Kgosana arrested and Pass Law suspension lifted

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69
Q

What happened to the leadership of anti-apartheid groups by 1964

A

Most of the internal leadership had been arrested and jailed

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70
Q

Sentence about Mandela as head of the Umkhonto de Sizwe

A

Mandela established Umkhonto de Sizwe as a military wing for the passive ANC to demonstrate a change in oppositional force

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71
Q

Metaphor describing the Umkhonto de Sizwe

A

The Umkhonto de Sizwe was the ‘engine’ behind the plan to bring apartheid to an end

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72
Q

What did Mandela believe about the Umkhonto de Sizwe

A

Mandela believed that a non-violent approach was ineffective and decided tactics needed to be reconsidered

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73
Q

What did Mandela push the MK towards

A

Mandela pushed the MK towards acts of sabotage against the white govt.

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74
Q

When did the MK’s sabotage acts begin

A

December 1961

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75
Q

What was the objective of the MK’s sabotage acts

A

To harm the white economy and bring national attention to the ANC’s cause

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76
Q

What was Mandela’s nickname

A

‘the black pimpernel’ from a movie about a hero with a secret identity

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77
Q

Where were the the Rivonia trial members hiding prior to trial

A

Lilliesleaf Farm in Rivonia, Johannesburg

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78
Q

What did Police find the MK executives planning

A

They were planning Operation Mayibuye

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79
Q

What was Operation Mayibuye

A

A large-scale military action meaning

‘bringing back what we lost’

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80
Q

What were the MK executives charged with

A

Treason

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81
Q

Anti-apartheid laws during the treason trial of MK executives

A

Anti-apartheid laws were strengthened

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82
Q

White govts. reaction to Operation Mayibuye plans

A

White govt. was outraged that a banned organisation was planning a black revolution

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83
Q

Mandela quote from treason trial

A

“It felt like we were going to hang no matter what we said, so we may as well say what we truly believed”

84
Q

Statement about disregarding accounts in treason trial

A

White state would disregard their accounts, so they decided to inform the world of their struggle in the resistance against apartheid

85
Q

3 immediate effects of the Rivonia Trial

A
  • Creation of the South African Students Organisation (SASO)
  • International pressure + sanctions placed on S.A
  • Growth of resistance, such as the ‘Free Mandela’ movement
86
Q

What did the white community of S.A see the MK at the Rivonia Trial

A

As ‘traitors and terrorists’

87
Q

What did MK executives face in prison

A

Withdrawn death penalty but still life in prison

88
Q

What did Mandela become after the Rivonia Trial

A

An international figure-head in anti-apartheid protests

89
Q

What was Mandela a symbol of

A

Liberation struggle

90
Q

Mandela prisoner number

A

Number 46664

91
Q

Mandela release priority

A

Mandela’s release was the Number 1 priority as it was believed he could bring an end to apartheid

92
Q

What did the White govt try to do to Mandela

A

Keep him silenced

93
Q

Economic Sanctions imposed on S.A, name 3.

A
  • Students in England and US protested to demand disinvestment of their banks from S.A
  • 1986, European Common Market banned purchase of S.A iron and steel
  • 1987, 250 international companies withdrew
94
Q

What was S.A after these economic sanctions

A

Not able to sustain economically through domestic activities as it once could.

Economically vulnerable and dependent on the rest of the world

95
Q

Sporting Sanction on S.A

A

Gleneagles Agreement, 1977

> Commonwealth countries agreed to discourage contact/competition with teams from S.A

96
Q

When did Mandela join the ANC and what did he do

A

Mandela joined the ANC in 1944 and became a leader of its Youth League

97
Q

What did Mandela achieve in the ANC prior to 1955

A
  • Late 1940s Defiance Campaign

- 1955, drafting of the Freedom Charter

98
Q

Mandela as a target of govt.

A

Due to Mandela’s anti-apartheid activism, he was a constant target of authorities

99
Q

What did the banning of the ANC and PAC do to the anti-apartheid political scene

A

The banning of the ANC and PAC had left a political void

100
Q

What filled the void left by the banned ANC & PAC

A

The Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) led by Stephen Biko

101
Q

How did Biko establish the theories of the BCM

A

Biko took theories from the BC/Black Rights movements in the US and applied them to the struggle vs apartheid

102
Q

What did Biko form following the BCM

A

Biko formed the South African Students Organisation (SASO)

103
Q

What was SASO

A

It was a breakaway group from the National Union of Students

104
Q

What did the SASO demand

A

The SASO demanded change, arguing whites wouldn’t take the necessary steps

105
Q

SASO change and black culture statement

A

Only pride in black culture and advancement of Black Consciousness would end apartheid

106
Q

Why wouldn’t whites be able to take the steps to bring change

A

They were too accustomed to the racist policies of apartheid

107
Q

How did Biko gain more attention to the BCM

A

He opened Community Health Clinics (such as Zanempilo CHC) to give free medical care

108
Q

What did the CHC achieve for Biko

A

Saw Biko gain national and international attention

109
Q

What was the result of Biko’s attention as well as his criticisms of apartheid + year

A

1977: Detained without trial, beaten into a coma and subsequent death

110
Q

What happened to the BCM + CHC following Biko’s death

A

The BCM and CHC were immediately banned

111
Q

What was the BCM philosophy

A

Self-empowerment, education and independence

112
Q

What did the BCM philosophy do to the black youth

A

It greatly fuelled a sense of political militancy amongst black youth

113
Q

What was P.W Botha’s 1975 policy

A

That half the subjects in schools would be taught in Afrikaans (‘language of the oppressor’ as Desmond Tutu said it)

114
Q

What did P.W Botha’s 1975 policy mean

A

As most black teachers couldn’t teach in Afrikaans. Students realised this was to prepare them as servants

115
Q

What was the June 1976 protest about

A

The Soweto Uprising.

  • School children rioting against; teachings in Afrikaans, overcrowding, high fees and lack of resources
116
Q

What happened in the Soweto Uprising

A

The Soweto Uprising was eventually crushed after police opened fire, killing between 200 and 700+

117
Q

What was the impact of the Soweto Uprising

A

The Soweto Uprising had a major impact on white society

> They could no longer ignore the demands for change

118
Q

Statement about Soweto Uprising and its impact

A

The events at the Soweto Uprising were a major turning point in the resistance against apartheid

119
Q

What did Botha Announce in Mid 1980s

A

That S.A was facing a ‘total onslaught’ in every aspect of its national life

120
Q

What did Botha do to counter Total Strategy

A

Announced a policy of ‘Total Strategy’

121
Q

What is Total Strategy

A

Every aspect of white S.A would resist internal/external enemies. It aimed to counter ‘Total Onslaught’

122
Q

Why did Botha announce Total Strategy

A

To counter ‘Total Onslaught’, which was brought on by Botha’s fear of a world conspiracy against S.A, led by the communists

123
Q

What were the policy reforms to gain black peoples support

A
  • Removal of petty apartheid laws (separate amenities = less ‘public’ apartheid
  • End segregation in business + employment
  • Recognise African Trade Unions
  • Repeal laws against Interracial marriages
124
Q

What did the white govt do to reduce township revolts

A

They planned to provide adequate facilities, housing, water and electricity to black townships to reduce frequency of riots/revolts

125
Q

Name 5 methods of repression used by the govt. as part of Total Strategy

A
  1. Use of legislation
    > Internal Security Amendment 1976 (Police granted power to detain individuals seen as a threat to the state)
  2. Censorship laws for media
    > Biasted reporting of anti-apartheid protests
    > Anti-apartheid newspapers shutdown
  3. Military personnel increased from 106,000 to 592,000 (from 1961-81)
126
Q

When was the first State of Emergency by P.W Botha

A

20 July 1985

127
Q

Name 3 common things that happened during the SoE

A
  • Lots of organisations banned
  • House arrest was common for many individuals
  • Detention without trial was common
    > 30,000 people detained from 1985-88
128
Q

What was the Internal Security Amendment Act No.79 of 1976

A

Granted the police power to deal with individuals who were seen as a threat to the states security

129
Q

Act > Granted the police power to deal with individuals who were seen as a threat to the states security

A

Internal Security Amendment Act No.79 of 1976

130
Q

What happened to the SABC (South African Broadcasting Corporation)

A

It was forced to comply with the censorship laws set by the government

131
Q

When was the extension of the SoE

A

12 June 1986

132
Q

What was added in the extension of the SoE

A
  • Public Safety Act 1953 amended

- Severe censorship of TV, and media was banned from ‘unrest’ areas

133
Q

When did the SoE end

A

1990, lifted by F.W de Klerk

134
Q

What was the amendment to the ‘Public Safety Act 1953’

A

Allowed the govt. to declare ‘unrest’ areas and allowed measures to be taken to crush protests in these ‘unrest’ areas

135
Q

Name 3 examples of Political violence in the 1980s

A
  1. Army and Airforce attacks on suspect ANC & PAC bases
  2. ANC & PAC retaliated by exploding bombs at restaurants, shopping centres and government buildings
  3. By 1985, ANC wanted to make townships ‘ungovernable by means of rent boycotts and militant action’
136
Q

What was the Church Street, Pretoria bombing

A

A car bomb attack on 20 May 1983 by MK (Umkhonto de Sizwe)

Most deadly attack by ANC against the National Party

137
Q

What was the Church Street Bombing in response to

A
  1. Cross-border raid into Lesotho in December 1982, killing 42 ANC supporters
  2. Assassination of Ruth First, ANC activist
138
Q

Example of ANC’s retaliation to National Party

A

Church Street Bombing

139
Q

When was the Church Street Bombing

A

20 May 1983

140
Q

What was the South African security forces

A

Combination of the police and the South African Defence Force (SADF)

141
Q

What did the SAsf use against black people

A
  • Part time personnel used to help quell the growing violence in 1980s
  • Most were coloured/black
  • Assigned to areas of unrest
  • Contributed to growing hostility btw. Police and public
142
Q

What was set-up to prevent criticism of the govt in 1980s

A

Counterintelligence operations, spying on all South Africans to prevent criticism of the govt

143
Q

What was the Main goal of the SAsf:

A

To protect ‘key points’ and govt. installations such as the Sasol Oil Refinery

144
Q

What was common during the Military state in S.A

A

It was common for people to be spied on, banished, tortured, jailed in secret, made to disappear, etc.

145
Q

Economic grievance of running S.A as a military state

A

Large proportion of S.A budget went into making S.A a military state

146
Q

What were the Bantustans

A

Partially self-governing areas set aside for indigenous African people

147
Q

What legislation created the Bantustans

A

Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act, 1959

148
Q

What did the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act, 1959 do

A

Designed to create homelands as separate areas for black S.A to live in

149
Q

Who proposed the idea of Bantustans

A

Hendrik Verwoerd, Minister for Native Affairs

150
Q

What idea was Verwoerd keen to push

A

Idea of Separate Development for all blacks

151
Q

What did people see the black tribal chiefs in Bantustans as

A

‘Lackeys’ of the white govt.

152
Q

What was the ROLE of Bantustans

A
  • To make the rest of the world ‘happy’ and make it appear as if S.A was moving towards removing apartheid
  • To preserve ‘white S.A’
153
Q

How many Bantustans were created

A

10

154
Q

What was the SIGNIFICANCE of Bantustans

A

Highly significant for ‘white S.A’, seen as a solution to the ‘Swaart gevaar’

155
Q

Name 4 conditions of Bantustans

A
  1. Overcrowded and impoverished
  2. Given the lowest quality land (infertile, self-sufficiency impossible)
  3. Heavily dependent on white subsidies
  4. Public services/amenities were insufficient/completely absent
156
Q

Figure about Bantustans area and population compared to white area and population

A

13% of S.A land was for Bantustans, which was made to accommodate for 80% of S.A’s population

157
Q

What was insufficient in Bantustans

A

Services and amenities, such as; schools, hospitals, public transport, electricity, parks, etc

158
Q

Was independence attempted to be given to Bantustans

A
  • Gave Bantustans their own president
  • Gave some administrative powers

> All superficial though

159
Q

Was the Bantustans independence real or superficial

A

Superficial.

> Still completely reliant on white govt. for economy and couldn’t make their own policies

160
Q

What was the second phase of ‘Total Strategy’

A

To protect S.A’s borders from neighbouring countries who were instituting black rights and decolonisation

161
Q

What was the Buffer Zone

A

A no-mans land along to stem increasing raids by black nationalists

162
Q

Countries in Buffer Zone

A

Angola, and other Marxist supported countries that were determined to support the ANC and rid S.A of apartheid

163
Q

What was the policy of Forward Defence by the SADF

A

Carrying out undercover cross-border operations about neighbours and ANC

164
Q

What was the main goal of the SADF in Forward Defence

A

To destabilise S.A’s neighbours by supporting countries opposing revolutionary forces, causing civil wars

165
Q

Name 3 examples of SADF’s Forward Defence strategy

A
  • SADF illegally occupying Namibia
  • SADF assisted UNITA, a military opposition force in Angola
  • SADF supplied arms and financial aid to the Mozambique National Resistance (MNR)
166
Q

How did Forward Defence FAIL

A
  • Cuban Army aided Angola
    > S.A expected US support which did not eventuate
  • SADF & MNR failed to destabilise Mozambique govt.
    > Lead to the Nkomati Accord
167
Q

What was the Nkomati Accord

A
  • S.A would not interfere in Mozambique’s affairs

- Mozambique would not aid the ANC

168
Q

Other than cross-border attacks, what did SADF do as a part of Forward Defence

A
  • Built a wire fencing along the border of Zimbabwe

- Station farmer Commando units to monitor border movement

169
Q

What was the International Response to S.A’s policy by 1980’s

A
  • Following Soweto Uprising in 1976, S.A faced fierce international condemnation
  • U.N called to abandon apartheid after Sharpeville Massacre occured
  • Economic sanctions applied
170
Q

Example of SPORTING sanctions

A

Gleneagles Agreement 1977

171
Q

What was the Gleneagles Agreement 1977

A

> Commonwealth countries agreed to discourage contact/competition with teams from S.A

172
Q

Name 4 examples of ECONOMIC sanctions

A
  1. US movement of disinvestment
  2. Threats by MNC’s in S.A to treat employees equally or they’ll withdraw
  3. By 1987, 250 international companies had withdrawn from S.A
  4. Purchase bans of; arms importation, investment in banks, computers,
173
Q

What was the effect of companies withdrawing from S.A

A

S.A’s economy was severely damaged

> Inflation rising 15% p.a

174
Q

What was a international societal response in the 1980s to apartheid

A

Anti-apartheid and ‘Free Mandela’ movements grew stronger

175
Q

What were POLITICAL factors contributing to the end of apartheid

(3 examples)

A
  • ANC, PAC and UDF still protesting
  • Creation of the UDF
  • Total Strategy had failed > it hadn’t stopped anti-apartheid groups
176
Q

What were ECONOMIC factors contributing to the end of apartheid

(2 examples)

A
  • Economic sanctions burdened S.A’s economy

- Apartheid no longer economically sustainable or viable

177
Q

What were SOCIAL factors contributing to the end of apartheid

(3 examples)

A
  • High levels of violence
  • White people suffering liberties under censorship and rigid laws of military state
  • Many whites opposed apartheid due to rejection by the world
178
Q

What was the UDF

A

A resistance group against apartheid.

Consisted of a United Front of resistance groups

179
Q

What does UDF stand for

A

United Democratic Front

180
Q

What were the goals of the UDF

A

To fight the introduction of the ‘Tricameral Parliament’ and advocate rent/consumer boycotts, school protests and worker stay-aways

181
Q

What was the Tricameral Parliament

Name 3 qualities

A

A new parliament to which gave a limited political voice to Coloured and Indian people

  • Power was superficial
  • Blacks still excluded
182
Q

What were township revolts regarding the Tricameral Parliament

A
  • Black protests against the Tricameral Parliament as they still do not get a political voice
  • UDF was not responsible, yet used as a scape goat
183
Q

What was the Pietermaritzburg and Delmas Treason Trials

A

Trials of detained UDF leaders for the township revolts regarding Tricameral Parliament

184
Q

What did the govt claim in the Pietermaritzburg and Delmas Treason Trials

(Quote)

A

“Its ideas, its modes of operating, its very existence” to be an act of treason

185
Q

Provide 2 examples of violent incidents involving police violence in 1985

A
  • March 1985: Following numerous stone throwing protestor incidents, police issued with heavy ammunition, leading to deaths of 6 young men

15 October 1985, Trojan Horse Massacre: South African Railways truck drove up/down a road, a stone was thrown at it, members of the SAsf leapt out of barrels and opened fire

186
Q

What was the UDF’s action of choice

A

Consumer boycotts to create negative effect on white economy

187
Q

What was the Pollsmoor Prison March

A

UDF organised march to Pollsmoor prison (where Mandela was imprisoned), meant to be peaceful, Police opened fire and killed 28 people

188
Q

Approx. how many ppl killed in the first 6months of SoE

A

600+ deaths in first 6 months of SoE

189
Q

What were the 2 reforms to apartheid law in 1986

A
  • 1986, Botha abolished Pass Books

- Lifted ban on Interracial Marriages

190
Q

How was international pressure against apartheid exemplified

A
  • Through political movements and international condemnation
191
Q

What were the major forms of international pressure

4 examples

A
  1. ‘Free Mandela’ movement
  2. Sporting sanctions, i.e: Gleneagles Agreement
  3. Severe international criticism
  4. Economic sanctions
192
Q

Statement regarding the festering grievances

A

The festering social, political and economic grievances in all sectors of the S.A population left the preservation of apartheid completely untenable by the start of the 1990s

193
Q

Why did P.W Botha resign

A

Due to a mild stroke and failure of Total Strategy

194
Q

Who took over after P.W Botha

A

F.W de Klerk

195
Q

What was de Klerk determined to do

A

To steer S.A toward ending Apartheid

196
Q

What did de Klerk do on 2 February 1990

A

On 2 February de Klerk opened parliament and began dismantling apartheid

197
Q

3 Examples of de Klerk dismantling apartheid

A
  • Rescinded ban on the ANC, PAC, UDF + 30 more
  • Freed political prisoners (such as Mandela)
  • Suspended death sentence
198
Q

When was Mandela released from prison

A

11 February 1990

199
Q

What happened on 11 February 1990

A

Mandela was released from prison

200
Q

Name 3 problems facing the National Party regarding transition to democracy

A
  • Traditional rulers wanted to maintain ‘white rule’
  • Right-wing extremists vowed to prevent free elections and to assassinate Mandela
  • White extremists let off bombs and interrupted democracy meetings such as CODESA
201
Q

Name 3 problems facing the ANC regarding transition to democracy

A
  • Conflicts when negotiating with the National Party (extremist interruptions)
  • ANC members anxious to embrace democracy for first time
  • Assassination of Chris Hani (national hero) by 2 extremists
202
Q

When was the first openly democratic election

A

27 April 1994

203
Q

What happened on 27 April 1994

A

First openly democratic election

204
Q

Who won the first openly democratic election

A

The ANC

205
Q

Who was President and VP after the election

A 
President = Mandela
VP = F.W de Klerk

Trial HSC 2021 - ALL SUBJECTS (1 decks)

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