Apartheid Flashcards
1
Q
Origins of Apartheid
A
- Religion and Calvinism: Boers are racist
- British Treatment of Blacks (+Boers)
2
Q
History of Apartheid
A
- 1652: Dutch create settlement in Cape Town due to trade route to Indonesia
- 1800s: The British arrive and the Dutch Empire weakened
- The Great Trek - Two Territories - 1832: The Battle of Blood River
- Third territory (Natalia), annexed by Britain
- Respect Sovereignty of another territory - 1880-1881: First Anglo-Boer War
- 1883: Gold found in Dutch Territory of Transvaal
- 1899-1902: Boer War (British win unconvincingly)
- 1910: Union of South Africa (Dutch and British Territories come together)
3
Q
The Beginning of Apartheid
A
- 1910: Union of Apartheid
- 1948: National Party (NP) elected
- Protects white minority
- Start Apartheid policy - 1949: Prohibition of mixed marriages
- 1950: The population Registration Act
- Classification based on biological factors
- 3 groups: White, Coloured, and Black
- Linguistic proficiency, skull measurements, the ‘pencil test’ - 1951: Malan Government passes Bantu Authorities Act
- 1953: Separate Amenities Act
4
Q
The Bantustan System
A
- Flagship of Grand Apartheid
- Self-governing homeland
- Citizens of the Bantustans rather than of South Africa
- South Africa would become exclusively white - 1951: Malan Government passes Bantu Authorities Act
- Old Natives Representative Council is dissolved
- 1959: The promotion of the Bantu self-government act
- The most important law in the creation of the homelands system - Relocating of the blacks into their own independent state
- No longer the responsibility of the SA government - Justification: To allow the blacks control of their own states
- Stopping discrimination - They would be rural dumping grounds
- Black South Africans would become foreigners in their own country
5
Q
The ANC
A
- African National Congress
- At the forefront of black opposition
- Founded in 1912
- John Dube
- Pixley ka Isaka Seme
- Sol Plaatje - Maintain and ensure voting rights for black SAs
- Originally the South African Native National Congress
- Civil Disobedience
- Walter Sisulu
- The idea of protesting against the unjust laws by deliberately breaking them, usually through non-violent protest
- Was eventually stopped due to a number of arrests
6
Q
The Freedom Charter and the Congress of the People
A
- Dr. Matthews (Cape ANC leader) suggested a National conference
- Started the ‘Congress of the People’
- All major Apartheid resistance groups were invited
- United anti-Apartheid groups
- Demanded complete change in society/government
- A complete change in government was needed - Change from non-violent protests and Defiance Campaign
- The Freedom Charter was drawn up
- Seen as Revolutionary and an act of Treason
- Charges were dropped
7
Q
Sharpeville Massacre
A
- March 21, 1960
- 5,000 demonstrators gathered in a field outside a police station
- The crowd sang freedom songs and chanted political slogans
- Supposed incident involving an armed protestor making the crowd come forward to get a better look
- A worried policeman opened fire, his colleagues joined in.
- Most of the dead were found facing away from the station, shot in the back
8
Q
Results of Sharpeville
A
- Armed Struggle
- The splitting of the ANC after many believed that non-violent protest wasn’t working.
- Lacked dynamism
- They became the PAC (Pan-Africanist Congress)
- Led by Robert Sobukwe
- MK (Spear of the Nation) established which was led by Mandela - Changed international opinion of Apartheid
- State of Emergency declared
- March 1960 - Unlawful organisations act
- April 1960
- Drives groups underground
- PAC had Military wing
9
Q
Rivonia trial
A
- 1963-1964
- Positives for ANC
- Boost to ANC and Anti-Apartheid support
- International support
- UN vote (106/1 to end trial, South Africa was 1)
- Publicity
- Mandela becomes a hero - Negatives
- ANC leaders imprisoned
- Doesn’t change Apartheid policy
10
Q
Education boycott
A
- Biggest failure of the ANC
- Could not find alternative
- No change to Apartheid legislation
11
Q
Bus boycotts
A
- Caused change (Old fare structure)
- Support from white liberals
- Limited impacts
- Limited organization - dependent on timetables etc.
12
Q
We won’t move campaign
A
- Reaction to Bantustans
- International attention
- Sophiatown is destroyed
13
Q
Walter Luthuli
A
- ANC
- Peaceful
- Nobel Peace Prize
- Legacy = Freedom Charter
- President of the ANC (1952-1967)
14
Q
Nelson Mandela
A
- ANC
- SACP
- Advocated violence
- 27 years in jail
- SA President in 1994
- Nobel peace Prize
- Legacy = Rivonia Trial Speech
15
Q
The MK
A
- ‘Spear of the Nation’
- Armed Wing of the ANC
- December 1961
- Led by Mandela
- Continued by Zuma
