APA1313 first set basic terms Flashcards
What Does the Term Antebrachial mean/refer to
The forearm
What Does the Term Axillary mean/refer to
The armpit
What Does the Term Brachial mean/refer to
The arm
What Does the Term Calcaneal mean/refer to
The heel
What Does the Term Carpal mean/refer to
The wrist
What Does the Term Cephalic mean/refer to
The head
What Does the Term Cervical mean/refer to
The neck
What Does the Term Coxal mean/refer to
The hip
What Does the Term Digital or phalangeal mean/refer to
The fingers or toes
What Does the Term Dorsal mean/refer to
The back of something; the back of the hand; the top of the foot
What Does the Term Facial mean/refer to
DA FACE
What Does the Term Femoral mean/refer to
the thigh
What Does the Term Femoral mean/refer to
The thigh
What Does the Term Fibular mean/refer to
External aspect of the lower leg
What Does the Term Frontal mean/refer to
The forehead
What Does the Term Gluteal mean/refer to
the buttocks
What Does the Term Inguinal mean/refer to
The groin
What Does the Term Lumbar mean/refer to
lower back
What Does the Term Mammary mean/refer to
The breast
What Does the Term Nasal mean/refer to
The nose
What Does the Term Occipital mean/refer to
back of the forehead
What Does the Term Orbital mean/refer to
The eye
What Does the Term Oral mean/refer to
The mouth
What Does the Term Otic mean/refer to
The ear
What Does the Term palmar mean/refer to
inside of the hand
What Does the Term Pectoral mean/refer to
the chest
What Does the Term Pelvic mean/refer to
pelvis
What Does the Term Popliteal mean/refer to
Back of the knee
What Does the Term plantar mean/refer to
Sole of the foot
What Does the Term Sacral mean/refer to
Sacrum
What Does the Term Scapular mean/refer to
The shoulder blade
What Does the Term Sternal mean/refer to
Sternum
What Does the Term Sural mean/refer to
The calf
What Does the Term Tarsal mean/refer to
The Ankle
What Does the Term Umbilical mean/refer to
The Navel
What Does the Term Vertebral mean/refer to
The Spine
What Does the Term Zygomatic mean/refer to
the Cheek
What Does the term hyperextension mean
not frequently used unless the hyperextension is pathologic (beyond normal range of motion). The term extension is most often used to describe this movement.
What Does the Term Extension mean?
Return to anatomical position from a flexed position. Increased in joint angle between the bone segments. Technically, an extension beyond (posteriorly) the anatomical position is termed
What Does the Term flexion mean?
Forward movement of a limb (exception knee flexion). Typically, there is a decrease between the two bone segments
What Do the terms adduction and abduction mean ?
Abduction: Bone moving away from the midline in the frontal plane.
Adduction: Bone moving towards the midline in the frontal plane.
What are the two types of rotation, and describe them
-Movement around the longitudinal axis of the bone. (external). Lateral rotation is when the anterior aspect of the bone rotates away from the midline ex dumbell swing away from the midline.
-Medial rotation is when the medial (internal) or lateral aspect of the bone rotates towards the midline. ex-knee crunch
Lateral(external), Medial(internal)
What Does the Term circumduction mean?
Combination of all fundamental motions to create a circle with a segment. (right round like a record baby)
What Does the Term Elevation and depression of the shoulder: mean/refer to
Motion describe the upward and downward motions of a joint: ex jaw and the scapular girdle (scapulae and clavicles).
What Does the Term Protraction mean/refer to
Forward movement of a bone in the transverse plane
What Does the Term Retraction mean/refer to
Posterior movement of a bone in the transverse plane
What Does the Term Inversion mean/refer to
Ankle movement defined by the sole of the foot moving inward (medially)
What Does the Term Eversion mean/refer to
Ankle movement defined by the sole of the foot moving outward (laterally)
Dorsiflexion
Ankle movement for which the dorsum of the foot moves towards the anterior aspect of the lower leg
Supination
External rotation of the forearm upwards.
Internal rotation of the forearm
Pronation
Similar to abduction and adduction but in the transverse plane (shoulder and hip).
Horizontal abduction and adduction
Name all 3 planes with a corresponding axis and a movement associated with the axis
Sagittal plane-Frontal axis- Flexion/Extension,Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion,
Protraction/retraction (Jaw)
Frontal plane (also named coronal-Sagittal axis-Abduction/Adduction
Transverse plane-Longitudinal axis- Internal/external rotation Horizontal abduction/adduction
how does the musculoskeletal system work and how does it create movement
- System works via muscles movement supported by skeleton
- Bones held together via connective tissue (articular cartilage known as ligaments)
- movement occurs when two bones articulate together due to ligaments
- Muscle movement occurs when tendons (cartilage attaching muscle to bone) contract - having pull on bone to create joint movement
- Movement occurs from signal from PNS
- Spine stimulates motorneurons innervating muscle cells for force needed to be exerted
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSW2ryFmih
WHat are the two types of skeletons in the human body and how many bones in each one
1) The axial skeleton consisting of the head, spine, and rib cage. 80 bones
2) The appendicular skeleton consisting of the bones of the upper and lower extremities including the scapular and pelvis girdles.126 bones
206 bones total
roles and funtions of the skeleton
1) Support: The skeletal system supports all the other systems of the human body by providing attachment sites for muscles and their tendons and all soft tissue.
2) Protection: The skeleton provides protection for major internal organs from injury. The skull protects the brain, the rib cage protects the heart and lungs, the spine protects the spinal cord, and the pelvis protects the reproductive organs.
3) Movement: Skeletal muscles attach onto bones. When skeletal muscles contract, the pull on the bone onto which they attach, creating movement at a joint.
4) Storage and release of minerals: Minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus, are stored in bone tissue and contribute to its strength. When needed, these minerals are released into the bloodstream to distribute them to other organs or maintain their critical balance in the blood.
5) Hemopoiesis: Hemopoiesis refers to the production of blood cells. In the adult, bones such as the pelvis, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, and the epiphysis of the femur and humerus contain red marrow that produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
6) Storage of triglycerides (fat): Triglyceride is the form in which your body stores most of its fat for future use as an energy source. The yellow marrow of bone consists of adipose (fat) cells and stores some triglycerides. In newborns, all bone marrow is red. With aging, most of the bone marrow transforms into yellow bone marrow.
how many types of bones are there and what are their names
5 types-flat,longs,irregular,Sesamoid,short
Humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula are examples of which type of bone
LONG BONES
Carpal and tarsal bones are examples of what type of bones
short bones
what bones are flat bones
Flat Sternum, scapula, parietal, occipital, frontal, temporal, ribs, pelvic bones
Which bones are irregular
Irregular Sphenoid, ethmoid, hyoid, sacrum, vertebrae
what bones are Sesamoid
Patellae, sesamoid bone of the thumb and hallux
how many parts are there to a long bone and what are the functions
Diaphysis: The main component. long, cylindrical portion
Epiphyses (singular): the proximal and distal ends. Includes the articular surfaces
Metaphyses (singular): Junction between epiphysis and diaphysis. In the skeletally immature, the metaphysis includes a growth plate (epiphyseal plate), and an immature layer of hyalin cartilage that enables growth in length.
Articular cartilage: Hyalin cartilage is arranged in a thin layer found between bones. reduces friction/partly absorbs shock.
Periosteum: the outer membrane, the irregular connective tissue surrounding the bone surface where there is no cartilage. The periosteum contains bone cells enabling growth width. helps protect/nourish the bone, assists in repair),attachment site for connective tissue.
Medullary cavity: space within the diaphysis where the yellow marrow is located in adults.
Endosteum: thin membrane that lines the medullary cravity. composed of a single layer.
what are the 4 types of bone cells and what are their functions
1) Osteogenic cells: unspecialized stem cells located in the periosteum, endosteum, and haversian and Volkmann canals. They are the only bone cells that can undergo cell division to differentiate into osteoblasts.
2) Osteoblasts: Bone producing cells. The osteoblasts synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic material necessary for calcification. They get trapped in their secretion and become osteocytes.
3) Osteocytes: Mature bone cells representing the main cell of bone tissue. These cells support bone metabolism by promoting exchange in nutrients and wastes with the circulatory system.
4) Osteoclasts: bone cells responsible for resorption of osteocytes to facilitate bone remodelling. Remodelling is a normal and important part of metabolism. It promotes the normal growth process, bone tissue regeneration, repair, and adaptation to new stress.
What is Elastic cartilage:
Provides strength and elasticity and helps maintain shapes. Ex: outer ear.
what is Fibrocartilage
fibrocartilage combine strength and rigidity and is the strongest type of cartilage. Fibrocartilaginous discs are found in some articulations of the body to provide extra support and stability to the joint. Ex: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, labrums, radio-ulnar discs, sternoclavicular discs, and menisci.
what is Hyalin cartilage
most common type of cartilage in the human body. Hyalin cartilage allows for flexibility and support, reduces friction, and absorbs shocks.
what are the 3 types of joints and their function (structurally)
Structural classification of joints
Joints are classified structurally by 1) whether or not there is a space (joint or synovial cavity) between the bone and 2) the type of connective tissue uniting the bones forming the joint. The structural classification includes:
1) Fibrous joints
2) Cartilaginous joints
3) Synovial joints
.
What are the 3 functional classsifications of joints
Functional classification of joints
The shape of the joints and the surrounding structures dictate the types, direction, and range of motion of a joint. The functional classification of joints includes:
1) Synarthrosis (almost immovable)
2) Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
3) Diarthrosis (freely movable, all diarthroses are synovial joints)
What are fiberous joints and how many types are there
only allow little to no movement. There is no joint cavity, and they are stabilized by thick connective tissue ensure maximal stability.
1- Suture-Only found within the skulls.
2- Syndesmosis-Small gap between the articulating bone. Stabilized via connective tissue limiting most of the movements
3- Gomphosis-Joint between a cone-shaped peg
and a socket,Teeth,
What are cartilaginous joints?
Cartilaginous joints do not have an articular cavity and only allow a small amount of movement.
give the two only examples of cartilegenous joints
Symphysis The articular surfaces are covered by hyalin cartilage, but the bones are united via a
fibrocartilaginous disc. ex-Pubic symphysis
Synchondrosis Bones are linked together by hyalin cartilage. Most commonly found in the metaphyses of
immature skeleton
what are Synovial joint
covered in hyalin cartilage and have an cavity filled with synovial fluid. These joints allow for the best ROM and are all classified as diarthroses
what are Synovial joint
covered in hyalin cartilage and have an articular cavity filled with synovial fluid. These joints allow for the greatest range of motion and are all classified as diarthroses.Some structures such as the capsule, synovial fluid, and ligaments are found in every synovial joints. Other structures such as articular discs, bursae, and tendon sheath are only found in select joints.
what is a Articular capsule
The capsule is a sleeve-like structure that covers the joint. It surrounds the joint cavity and units articulating bones together. The capsule is made of two layers.
fibrous layer attaches to the periosteum of the bones. It is flexible, which allows for movement at the joint, but is still strong enough to help minimize extreme movements.
-The deep layer, the synovial membrane, secretes the synovial fluid.
what are Ligaments
limit extreme motions at the joints.
what is synovial fluid and what is its functions
1) decrease friction
2) Shock absorption
3) Provides oxygen and other nutrients and collects metabolic waste from the articular cartilage
what are articular discs
Some synovial joints (and non-synovial joints such as symphysis) have fibrocartilaginous discs to improve joint stability, facilitate some movements, and absorb shocks. For example, the tibiofemoral joint has two menisci (singular meniscus), and both the glenohumeral and the coxofemoral joints have labrums.
what are Bursae (singular bursa)
Bursae are sac-like structures filled with synovial fluid that are strategically located in joints to reduce friction between structures. They can be located between a tendons and bones between two tendons, between skin and bones, muscles and bones, and ligaments and bones. The fluid-filled structures provide extra cushion and allows for movements between the structures while preventing wear and tear from friction.
what are tendon sheets
Tendon sheaths are similar to bursae in functions, but they are shaped like tubes and are found surrounding the tendons most at risk for friction. They are found in tendons that passes through joint cavities (biceps brachii), tendons located near other tendons in a restricted space (tendons of peroneal muscles), or tendons that are significantly solicited (fingers and toes).
Bursae and tendon sheaths are susceptible to both traumatic and chronic injuries. An injury to a bursa is termed a bursitis, whereas an injury to a tendon sheath is called a tenosynovitis.
what are the six types of synovial joints
1) Planar joints
2) Hinge joints
3) Pivot joints
4) Condyloid joints
5) Saddle joints
6) Ball-and-socket joints
what are planar joints
The articular surfaces of the planar joints are flat or slightly curved. These joints only allow for gliding movements in one plane (uniplanar), therefore they do not allow for angular motion and as a result are non-axial joints. Ex: Acromioclavicular joint, or some intercarpal and intertarsal joints.
What are hinge joints
A hinge joint is characterized by a convex articular surface from a bone articulating with a concave surface from another bone. Hinge joints are uniaxial, i.e., they allow movement around only one axis of rotation. The movements allowed at hinge joints are flexion and extension. Ex: humeroulnar joint (elbow).
what are pivot joints
the rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament. Pivot joints are uniaxial and allow rotation along their longitudinal axes. Ex: proximal and distal radioulnar joints (supination and pronation) and atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2) allowing cervical rotation (shake your head no).
Condyloid
also called ellipsoidal joints. A convex oval-shaped bony projection articulates with an oval-shaped depression of another bone. Condyloid joints are biaxial as they allow movements around two axes. Ex: Metacarpophalangeal fingers 2-5 flexion/extension and abduction/adduction.
What are saddle joints
Call saddle joints because the articular surface is shaped like a horse saddle and the articular surface of the other bone sits on the saddle like a ridder would do. Technically, a saddle joint is a modified condyloid joint where there is a greater degree of freedom. Saddle joints are also biaxial. Ex: carpometacarpal joint of the first finger (thumb). The sternoclavicular joint is classified as a saddle joint but works as a ball-and-socket joint due to the presence of a fibrocartilaginous disc that enables rotation around the longitudinal axis of the clavicle.
What are ball and socket joints
Multi-axial joints consisting of a spherical articular surface of a bone articulating with a concave articular surface of another bone. These joints allow motion in all planes, around all three axes of movements: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, internal/external rotation, and circumduction. Ex: coxofemoral and glenohumeral joints.
What is a Syssarcoses
: A syssarcosis is a fake joint consisting of a gliding space between a bone and a muscle or two muscles. The scapulothoracic joint is a syssarcosis and consists of the subscapularis muscle gliding over the thoracic cage to allow the movements of the scapula.
fac ctors that affect bone stability and ROM
1) The type of joint and the geometry of the articulating surfaces
2) The number, strength, and orientation of the ligament (and strength of the capsule)
3) Orientation of the muscles crossing the joint and their muscle tone.
4) Proprioception
5) Soft tissue approximation
6) Hormones
7) Injury or immobilization
What are the 3 tyoes of muscles
• Cardiac muscles
• Smooth muscles
• Skeletal muscle (the focus of this course!!)
What are cardiac muscles
The heart consist of muscle fibers aiming at propelling blood within the circulatory system to promote oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide from all tissues, including skeletal muscles. Cardiac muscles are striated, both are involuntary. Humans do not need to think about their heart beating for it, it happens automatically via an intrinsic neural circuit without the intervention from the brain (autorhythmicity). The autonomous nervous system (brain) does however control the frequency and strength of heart beats.
what are skeletal muscles
: Skeletal muscles are responsible for human movement. They attach onto the skeleton, typically onto 2 or more bones. When they contract, both ends of the muscle pull on the bone onto which they attach to create movement.
What are smooth muscles
Smooth muscles are located within the walls of internal organs such as respiratory airways, blood vessels, and the digestive systems. There are non-striated and have a smooth appearance. Their action is involuntary and depends on the influence of the autonomous nervous system and the endocrine (hormonal) system. Some smooth muscles are autorhythmic.
How many funtional charecteristics are there for muscles and how do they funtion.
1) Electrical excitability: muscle cells (fibers) have the ability to respond to a nervous stimulus (action potential).
2) Contractility: Ability of muscle cells to contract forcefully when stimulated by an action potential.
3) Extensibility: Ability of the muscle tissue to be stretched without damage. For example, smooth muscles of the stomach can be stretch quite extensively after a big meal.
4) Elasticity: Ability of muscle tissue to recover its original length after being contracted or stretched.
what are the components of muscles and what do they do
Superficial fascia: connective tissue separating muscle from skin or fat.
Deep Fascia: term used to describe the layer of connective tissue covering a group of muscles with similar functions. For example, the quadriceps is composed of four muscles moving the knee joint into extension.
Epimysium: superficial layer of connective tissue recovering an individual muscle (ex: the vastus intermedius of the quadriceps).
Perimysium: Muscle are composed of bundle of muscle fibers. The perimysium separates bundles from one another.
Endomysium: Deepest layer of connective tissue. Covers each muscle fiber individually.
What is the orign and intersection of muscles
Muscles attach onto two or more bones. When muscles contract (shorten), they bring the two attachments closer to one another, creating a motion around the axis of the joint. During a typical contraction, one of the bone segment is stable (immobile), while the other segment moves (mobile). These points can be defined as the origin and insertion.
What fusiform muscles
Fusiform muscles consist of a muscle belly converging into a tendon at one or both ends. These muscles can have more than one muscle belly but then converge into one common tendon (2 muscle bellies
digastric, multiple muscle bellies polygastric). The muscle belly of a polygastric muscle is termed a “head”. Heads of a same muscle contract together to exert a force on the common tendon and initiate movement. This allows for good force production as well as for a large range of motion.
bicep and tricep brachii
Other examples of parrarell muscles
Pennate muscles have muscle fibers that attach obliquely onto a central tendon similarly to bird feathers. They can be unipennate (1 angle), bipennate (2 angles), or multipennate (multiple angles). This arrangement allows for the insertion of more fibers in a small space which allows for a great force production. ex transversus adobminous
What are pennate muscles and whtas one example
Pennate muscles have muscle fibers that attach obliquely onto a central tendon similarly to bird feathers. They can be unipennate (1 angle), bipennate (2 angles), or multipennate (multiple angles). This arrangement allows for the insertion of more fibers in a small space which allows for a great force production.
deltoids
what are circular musclucles and give one example
Circular muscles have a concentric arrangements around an orifice whereas triangular muscles have a broad origin and converge into a thick central tendon, temporal
What are endfeels
The structures surrounding joints such as bony surfaces, ligaments, muscles, and the capsule determine their range of motion. The conditions in which the range of motion stops if termed the endfeel. Endfeel can be normal or pathologic (in case of an injury). The following table describes the normal endfeel that can be felt at the various joints of the body.
what are bone to bone endfeels
Bone-to-bone -The contact between two bones stops the
movement- normally perceived as a hard stop-
