APA1313 first set basic terms

Question 1

What Does the Term Antebrachial mean/refer to

Answer 1

The forearm

Question 2

What Does the Term Axillary mean/refer to

Answer 2

The armpit

Question 3

What Does the Term Brachial mean/refer to

Answer 3

The arm

Question 4

What Does the Term Calcaneal mean/refer to

Answer 4

The heel

Question 5

What Does the Term Carpal mean/refer to

Answer 5

The wrist

Question 6

What Does the Term Cephalic mean/refer to

Answer 6

The head

Question 7

What Does the Term Cervical mean/refer to

Answer 7

The neck

Question 8

What Does the Term Coxal mean/refer to

Answer 8

The hip

Question 9

What Does the Term Digital or phalangeal mean/refer to

Answer 9

The fingers or toes

Question 10

What Does the Term Dorsal mean/refer to

Answer 10

The back of something; the back of the hand; the top of the foot

Question 11

What Does the Term Facial mean/refer to

Answer 11

DA FACE

Question 12

What Does the Term Femoral mean/refer to

Answer 12

the thigh

Question 13

What Does the Term Femoral mean/refer to

Answer 13

The thigh

Question 14

What Does the Term Fibular mean/refer to

Answer 14

External aspect of the lower leg

Question 15

What Does the Term Frontal mean/refer to

Answer 15

The forehead

Question 16

What Does the Term Gluteal mean/refer to

Answer 16

the buttocks

Question 17

What Does the Term Inguinal mean/refer to

Answer 17

The groin

Question 18

What Does the Term Lumbar mean/refer to

Answer 18

lower back

Question 19

What Does the Term Mammary mean/refer to

Answer 19

The breast

Question 20

What Does the Term Nasal mean/refer to

Answer 20

The nose

Question 21

What Does the Term Occipital mean/refer to

Answer 21

back of the forehead

Question 22

What Does the Term Orbital mean/refer to

Answer 22

The eye

Question 23

What Does the Term Oral mean/refer to

Answer 23

The mouth

Question 24

What Does the Term Otic mean/refer to

Answer 24

The ear

Question 25

What Does the Term palmar mean/refer to

Answer 25

inside of the hand

Question 26

What Does the Term Pectoral mean/refer to

Answer 26

the chest

Question 27

What Does the Term Pelvic mean/refer to

Answer 27

pelvis

Question 28

What Does the Term Popliteal mean/refer to

Answer 28

Back of the knee

Question 29

What Does the Term plantar mean/refer to

Answer 29

Sole of the foot

Question 30

What Does the Term Sacral mean/refer to

Answer 30

Sacrum

Question 31

What Does the Term Scapular mean/refer to

Answer 31

The shoulder blade

Question 32

What Does the Term Sternal mean/refer to

Answer 32

Sternum

Question 33

What Does the Term Sural mean/refer to

Answer 33

The calf

Question 34

What Does the Term Tarsal mean/refer to

Answer 34

The Ankle

Question 35

What Does the Term Umbilical mean/refer to

Answer 35

The Navel

Question 36

What Does the Term Vertebral mean/refer to

Answer 36

The Spine

Question 37

What Does the Term Zygomatic mean/refer to

Answer 37

the Cheek

Question 38

What Does the term hyperextension mean

Answer 38

not frequently used unless the hyperextension is pathologic (beyond normal range of motion). The term extension is most often used to describe this movement.

Question 39

What Does the Term Extension mean?

Answer 39

Return to anatomical position from a flexed position. Increased in joint angle between the bone segments. Technically, an extension beyond (posteriorly) the anatomical position is termed

Question 40

What Does the Term flexion mean?

Answer 40

Forward movement of a limb (exception knee flexion). Typically, there is a decrease between the two bone segments

Question 41

What Do the terms adduction and abduction mean ?

Answer 41

Abduction: Bone moving away from the midline in the frontal plane.
Adduction: Bone moving towards the midline in the frontal plane.

Question 42

What are the two types of rotation, and describe them

Answer 42

-Movement around the longitudinal axis of the bone. (external). Lateral rotation is when the anterior aspect of the bone rotates away from the midline ex dumbell swing away from the midline.

-Medial rotation is when the medial (internal) or lateral aspect of the bone rotates towards the midline. ex-knee crunch

Lateral(external), Medial(internal)

Question 43

What Does the Term circumduction mean?

Answer 43

Combination of all fundamental motions to create a circle with a segment. (right round like a record baby)

Question 44

What Does the Term Elevation and depression of the shoulder: mean/refer to

Answer 44

Motion describe the upward and downward motions of a joint: ex jaw and the scapular girdle (scapulae and clavicles).

Question 45

What Does the Term Protraction mean/refer to

Answer 45

Forward movement of a bone in the transverse plane

Question 46

What Does the Term Retraction mean/refer to

Answer 46

Posterior movement of a bone in the transverse plane

Question 47

What Does the Term Inversion mean/refer to

Answer 47

Ankle movement defined by the sole of the foot moving inward (medially)

Question 48

What Does the Term Eversion mean/refer to

Answer 48

Ankle movement defined by the sole of the foot moving outward (laterally)

Question 49

Dorsiflexion

Answer 49

Ankle movement for which the dorsum of the foot moves towards the anterior aspect of the lower leg

Question 50

Supination

Answer 50

External rotation of the forearm upwards.

Question 51

Internal rotation of the forearm

Answer 51

Pronation

Question 52

Similar to abduction and adduction but in the transverse plane (shoulder and hip).

Answer 52

Horizontal abduction and adduction

Question 53

Name all 3 planes with a corresponding axis and a movement associated with the axis

Answer 53

Sagittal plane-Frontal axis- Flexion/Extension,Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion,
Protraction/retraction (Jaw)

Frontal plane (also named coronal-Sagittal axis-Abduction/Adduction

Transverse plane-Longitudinal axis- Internal/external rotation Horizontal abduction/adduction

Question 54

how does the musculoskeletal system work and how does it create movement

Answer 54

• System works via muscles movement supported by skeleton
• Bones held together via connective tissue (articular cartilage known as ligaments)
• movement occurs when two bones articulate together due to ligaments
• Muscle movement occurs when tendons (cartilage attaching muscle to bone) contract - having pull on bone to create joint movement
• Movement occurs from signal from PNS
• Spine stimulates motorneurons innervating muscle cells for force needed to be exerted

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSW2ryFmih

Question 55

WHat are the two types of skeletons in the human body and how many bones in each one

Answer 55

1) The axial skeleton consisting of the head, spine, and rib cage. 80 bones
2) The appendicular skeleton consisting of the bones of the upper and lower extremities including the scapular and pelvis girdles.126 bones

206 bones total

Question 56

roles and funtions of the skeleton

Answer 56

1) Support: The skeletal system supports all the other systems of the human body by providing attachment sites for muscles and their tendons and all soft tissue.

2) Protection: The skeleton provides protection for major internal organs from injury. The skull protects the brain, the rib cage protects the heart and lungs, the spine protects the spinal cord, and the pelvis protects the reproductive organs.
3) Movement: Skeletal muscles attach onto bones. When skeletal muscles contract, the pull on the bone onto which they attach, creating movement at a joint.
4) Storage and release of minerals: Minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus, are stored in bone tissue and contribute to its strength. When needed, these minerals are released into the bloodstream to distribute them to other organs or maintain their critical balance in the blood.
5) Hemopoiesis: Hemopoiesis refers to the production of blood cells. In the adult, bones such as the pelvis, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, and the epiphysis of the femur and humerus contain red marrow that produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
6) Storage of triglycerides (fat): Triglyceride is the form in which your body stores most of its fat for future use as an energy source. The yellow marrow of bone consists of adipose (fat) cells and stores some triglycerides. In newborns, all bone marrow is red. With aging, most of the bone marrow transforms into yellow bone marrow.

Question 57

how many types of bones are there and what are their names

Answer 57

5 types-flat,longs,irregular,Sesamoid,short

Question 58

Humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula are examples of which type of bone

Answer 58

LONG BONES

Question 59

Carpal and tarsal bones are examples of what type of bones

Answer 59

short bones

Question 60

what bones are flat bones

Answer 60

Flat Sternum, scapula, parietal, occipital, frontal, temporal, ribs, pelvic bones

Question 61

Which bones are irregular

Answer 61

Irregular Sphenoid, ethmoid, hyoid, sacrum, vertebrae

Question 62

what bones are Sesamoid

Answer 62

Patellae, sesamoid bone of the thumb and hallux

Question 63

how many parts are there to a long bone and what are the functions

Answer 63

Diaphysis: The main component. long, cylindrical portion

Epiphyses (singular): the proximal and distal ends. Includes the articular surfaces

Metaphyses (singular): Junction between epiphysis and diaphysis. In the skeletally immature, the metaphysis includes a growth plate (epiphyseal plate), and an immature layer of hyalin cartilage that enables growth in length.

Articular cartilage: Hyalin cartilage is arranged in a thin layer found between bones. reduces friction/partly absorbs shock.

Periosteum: the outer membrane, the irregular connective tissue surrounding the bone surface where there is no cartilage. The periosteum contains bone cells enabling growth width. helps protect/nourish the bone, assists in repair),attachment site for connective tissue.

Medullary cavity: space within the diaphysis where the yellow marrow is located in adults.

Endosteum: thin membrane that lines the medullary cravity. composed of a single layer.

Question 64

what are the 4 types of bone cells and what are their functions

Answer 64

1) Osteogenic cells: unspecialized stem cells located in the periosteum, endosteum, and haversian and Volkmann canals. They are the only bone cells that can undergo cell division to differentiate into osteoblasts.
2) Osteoblasts: Bone producing cells. The osteoblasts synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic material necessary for calcification. They get trapped in their secretion and become osteocytes.
3) Osteocytes: Mature bone cells representing the main cell of bone tissue. These cells support bone metabolism by promoting exchange in nutrients and wastes with the circulatory system.
4) Osteoclasts: bone cells responsible for resorption of osteocytes to facilitate bone remodelling. Remodelling is a normal and important part of metabolism. It promotes the normal growth process, bone tissue regeneration, repair, and adaptation to new stress.

Question 65

What is Elastic cartilage:

Answer 65

Provides strength and elasticity and helps maintain shapes. Ex: outer ear.

Question 66

what is Fibrocartilage

Answer 66

fibrocartilage combine strength and rigidity and is the strongest type of cartilage. Fibrocartilaginous discs are found in some articulations of the body to provide extra support and stability to the joint. Ex: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, labrums, radio-ulnar discs, sternoclavicular discs, and menisci.

Question 67

what is Hyalin cartilage

Answer 67

most common type of cartilage in the human body. Hyalin cartilage allows for flexibility and support, reduces friction, and absorbs shocks.

Question 68

what are the 3 types of joints and their function (structurally)

Answer 68

Structural classification of joints
Joints are classified structurally by 1) whether or not there is a space (joint or synovial cavity) between the bone and 2) the type of connective tissue uniting the bones forming the joint. The structural classification includes:
1) Fibrous joints
2) Cartilaginous joints
3) Synovial joints

.

Question 69

What are the 3 functional classsifications of joints

Answer 69

Functional classification of joints
The shape of the joints and the surrounding structures dictate the types, direction, and range of motion of a joint. The functional classification of joints includes:
1) Synarthrosis (almost immovable)
2) Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
3) Diarthrosis (freely movable, all diarthroses are synovial joints)

Question 70

What are fiberous joints and how many types are there

Answer 70

only allow little to no movement. There is no joint cavity, and they are stabilized by thick connective tissue ensure maximal stability.
1- Suture-Only found within the skulls.

2- Syndesmosis-Small gap between the articulating bone. Stabilized via connective tissue limiting most of the movements

3- Gomphosis-Joint between a cone-shaped peg
and a socket,Teeth,

Question 71

What are cartilaginous joints?

Answer 71

Cartilaginous joints do not have an articular cavity and only allow a small amount of movement.

Question 72

give the two only examples of cartilegenous joints

Answer 72

Symphysis The articular surfaces are covered by hyalin cartilage, but the bones are united via a
fibrocartilaginous disc. ex-Pubic symphysis

Synchondrosis Bones are linked together by hyalin cartilage. Most commonly found in the metaphyses of
immature skeleton

Question 73

what are Synovial joint

Answer 73

covered in hyalin cartilage and have an cavity filled with synovial fluid. These joints allow for the best ROM and are all classified as diarthroses

Question 74

what are Synovial joint

Answer 74

covered in hyalin cartilage and have an articular cavity filled with synovial fluid. These joints allow for the greatest range of motion and are all classified as diarthroses.Some structures such as the capsule, synovial fluid, and ligaments are found in every synovial joints. Other structures such as articular discs, bursae, and tendon sheath are only found in select joints.

Question 75

what is a Articular capsule

Answer 75

The capsule is a sleeve-like structure that covers the joint. It surrounds the joint cavity and units articulating bones together. The capsule is made of two layers.

fibrous layer attaches to the periosteum of the bones. It is flexible, which allows for movement at the joint, but is still strong enough to help minimize extreme movements.

-The deep layer, the synovial membrane, secretes the synovial fluid.

Question 76

what are Ligaments

Answer 76

limit extreme motions at the joints.

Question 77

what is synovial fluid and what is its functions

Answer 77

1) decrease friction
2) Shock absorption
3) Provides oxygen and other nutrients and collects metabolic waste from the articular cartilage

Question 78

what are articular discs

Answer 78

Some synovial joints (and non-synovial joints such as symphysis) have fibrocartilaginous discs to improve joint stability, facilitate some movements, and absorb shocks. For example, the tibiofemoral joint has two menisci (singular meniscus), and both the glenohumeral and the coxofemoral joints have labrums.

Question 79

what are Bursae (singular bursa)

Answer 79

Bursae are sac-like structures filled with synovial fluid that are strategically located in joints to reduce friction between structures. They can be located between a tendons and bones between two tendons, between skin and bones, muscles and bones, and ligaments and bones. The fluid-filled structures provide extra cushion and allows for movements between the structures while preventing wear and tear from friction.

Question 80

what are tendon sheets

Answer 80

Tendon sheaths are similar to bursae in functions, but they are shaped like tubes and are found surrounding the tendons most at risk for friction. They are found in tendons that passes through joint cavities (biceps brachii), tendons located near other tendons in a restricted space (tendons of peroneal muscles), or tendons that are significantly solicited (fingers and toes).
Bursae and tendon sheaths are susceptible to both traumatic and chronic injuries. An injury to a bursa is termed a bursitis, whereas an injury to a tendon sheath is called a tenosynovitis.

Question 81

what are the six types of synovial joints

Answer 81

1) Planar joints
2) Hinge joints
3) Pivot joints
4) Condyloid joints
5) Saddle joints
6) Ball-and-socket joints

Question 82

what are planar joints

Answer 82

The articular surfaces of the planar joints are flat or slightly curved. These joints only allow for gliding movements in one plane (uniplanar), therefore they do not allow for angular motion and as a result are non-axial joints. Ex: Acromioclavicular joint, or some intercarpal and intertarsal joints.

Question 83

What are hinge joints

Answer 83

A hinge joint is characterized by a convex articular surface from a bone articulating with a concave surface from another bone. Hinge joints are uniaxial, i.e., they allow movement around only one axis of rotation. The movements allowed at hinge joints are flexion and extension. Ex: humeroulnar joint (elbow).

Question 84

what are pivot joints

Answer 84

the rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament. Pivot joints are uniaxial and allow rotation along their longitudinal axes. Ex: proximal and distal radioulnar joints (supination and pronation) and atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2) allowing cervical rotation (shake your head no).

Question 85

Condyloid

Answer 85

also called ellipsoidal joints. A convex oval-shaped bony projection articulates with an oval-shaped depression of another bone. Condyloid joints are biaxial as they allow movements around two axes. Ex: Metacarpophalangeal fingers 2-5  flexion/extension and abduction/adduction.

Question 86

What are saddle joints

Answer 86

Call saddle joints because the articular surface is shaped like a horse saddle and the articular surface of the other bone sits on the saddle like a ridder would do. Technically, a saddle joint is a modified condyloid joint where there is a greater degree of freedom. Saddle joints are also biaxial. Ex: carpometacarpal joint of the first finger (thumb). The sternoclavicular joint is classified as a saddle joint but works as a ball-and-socket joint due to the presence of a fibrocartilaginous disc that enables rotation around the longitudinal axis of the clavicle.

Question 87

What are ball and socket joints

Answer 87

Multi-axial joints consisting of a spherical articular surface of a bone articulating with a concave articular surface of another bone. These joints allow motion in all planes, around all three axes of movements: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, internal/external rotation, and circumduction. Ex: coxofemoral and glenohumeral joints.

Question 88

What is a Syssarcoses

Answer 88

: A syssarcosis is a fake joint consisting of a gliding space between a bone and a muscle or two muscles. The scapulothoracic joint is a syssarcosis and consists of the subscapularis muscle gliding over the thoracic cage to allow the movements of the scapula.

Question 89

fac ctors that affect bone stability and ROM

Answer 89

1) The type of joint and the geometry of the articulating surfaces
2) The number, strength, and orientation of the ligament (and strength of the capsule)
3) Orientation of the muscles crossing the joint and their muscle tone.
4) Proprioception
5) Soft tissue approximation
6) Hormones
7) Injury or immobilization

Question 90

What are the 3 tyoes of muscles

Answer 90

• Cardiac muscles
• Smooth muscles
• Skeletal muscle (the focus of this course!!)

Question 91

What are cardiac muscles

Answer 91

The heart consist of muscle fibers aiming at propelling blood within the circulatory system to promote oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide from all tissues, including skeletal muscles. Cardiac muscles are striated, both are involuntary. Humans do not need to think about their heart beating for it, it happens automatically via an intrinsic neural circuit without the intervention from the brain (autorhythmicity). The autonomous nervous system (brain) does however control the frequency and strength of heart beats.

Question 92

what are skeletal muscles

Answer 92

: Skeletal muscles are responsible for human movement. They attach onto the skeleton, typically onto 2 or more bones. When they contract, both ends of the muscle pull on the bone onto which they attach to create movement.

Question 93

What are smooth muscles

Answer 93

Smooth muscles are located within the walls of internal organs such as respiratory airways, blood vessels, and the digestive systems. There are non-striated and have a smooth appearance. Their action is involuntary and depends on the influence of the autonomous nervous system and the endocrine (hormonal) system. Some smooth muscles are autorhythmic.

Question 94

How many funtional charecteristics are there for muscles and how do they funtion.

Answer 94

1) Electrical excitability: muscle cells (fibers) have the ability to respond to a nervous stimulus (action potential).
2) Contractility: Ability of muscle cells to contract forcefully when stimulated by an action potential.

3) Extensibility: Ability of the muscle tissue to be stretched without damage. For example, smooth muscles of the stomach can be stretch quite extensively after a big meal.
4) Elasticity: Ability of muscle tissue to recover its original length after being contracted or stretched.

Question 95

what are the components of muscles and what do they do

Answer 95

Superficial fascia: connective tissue separating muscle from skin or fat.
Deep Fascia: term used to describe the layer of connective tissue covering a group of muscles with similar functions. For example, the quadriceps is composed of four muscles moving the knee joint into extension.
Epimysium: superficial layer of connective tissue recovering an individual muscle (ex: the vastus intermedius of the quadriceps).
Perimysium: Muscle are composed of bundle of muscle fibers. The perimysium separates bundles from one another.
Endomysium: Deepest layer of connective tissue. Covers each muscle fiber individually.

Question 96

What is the orign and intersection of muscles

Answer 96

Muscles attach onto two or more bones. When muscles contract (shorten), they bring the two attachments closer to one another, creating a motion around the axis of the joint. During a typical contraction, one of the bone segment is stable (immobile), while the other segment moves (mobile). These points can be defined as the origin and insertion.

Question 97

What fusiform muscles

Answer 97

Fusiform muscles consist of a muscle belly converging into a tendon at one or both ends. These muscles can have more than one muscle belly but then converge into one common tendon (2 muscle bellies

digastric, multiple muscle bellies  polygastric). The muscle belly of a polygastric muscle is termed a “head”. Heads of a same muscle contract together to exert a force on the common tendon and initiate movement. This allows for good force production as well as for a large range of motion.

bicep and tricep brachii

Question 98

Other examples of parrarell muscles

Answer 98

Pennate muscles have muscle fibers that attach obliquely onto a central tendon similarly to bird feathers. They can be unipennate (1 angle), bipennate (2 angles), or multipennate (multiple angles). This arrangement allows for the insertion of more fibers in a small space which allows for a great force production. ex transversus adobminous

Question 99

What are pennate muscles and whtas one example

Answer 99

Pennate muscles have muscle fibers that attach obliquely onto a central tendon similarly to bird feathers. They can be unipennate (1 angle), bipennate (2 angles), or multipennate (multiple angles). This arrangement allows for the insertion of more fibers in a small space which allows for a great force production.

deltoids

Question 100

what are circular musclucles and give one example

Answer 100

Circular muscles have a concentric arrangements around an orifice whereas triangular muscles have a broad origin and converge into a thick central tendon, temporal

Question 101

What are endfeels

Answer 101

The structures surrounding joints such as bony surfaces, ligaments, muscles, and the capsule determine their range of motion. The conditions in which the range of motion stops if termed the endfeel. Endfeel can be normal or pathologic (in case of an injury). The following table describes the normal endfeel that can be felt at the various joints of the body.

Question 102

what are bone to bone endfeels

Answer 102

Bone-to-bone -The contact between two bones stops the
movement- normally perceived as a hard stop-