Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

APA 1122 > APA 1122 - Key Terms > Flashcards

APA 1122 - Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Health:

A

a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Public Health

A

The science and art of preventing disease;
prolonging life; and promoting physical health and mental health
and efficiency through organized community efforts toward a
sanitary environment; control of community infections,
education and hygiene; the organization of medical and nursing
service for the early diagnosis and treatment of disease; and the
development of social machinery to ensure capacity in the
community to maintain health Focus is on the entire population
* e.g., promoting hand washing, promoting helmet use, screening
for health problems, feeding programs for poorly-nourished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Global health

A

an area for study, research, and practice
that places a priority on improving health and achieving
equity in health for all people worldwide; global health
emphasizes transnational health issues, determinants, and
solutions, involves many disciplines within and beyond the
health sciences, and promotes interdisciplinary
collaboration; and is a synthesis of population based
prevention with individual-level clinical care.
* e.g. of issues: low birthweight, violence against women,
HIV/AIDS, heart disease increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

First World

A

Industrialized, capitalist countries that fall
within Western European and US sphere of influence (e.g.,
Canada, Japan); have market economies
~ parts of First World can have non-First World conditions
(e.g., Canada’s North, slums in the US)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The Global North:

A

Synonym for first world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Second World

A

those within the former Soviet Union’s
sphere of influence (e.g., Poland, Cuba); have planned
economies
~ term out of use since the end of the Cold War

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Third World

A

low UN development index (parts of Africa,
Latin America, and Asia), have developing economies; term
disliked by many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fourth World

A

lack industrial infrastructure, poorest Third World nations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Two-thirds World:

A

Indicates that the majority of countries in
the world are Third World countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The Global South:

A

Synonym for Third, fourth and two thirds world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Developed and developing countries:

A

not a preciseterm – controversial, developed = relatively high income per capita, developing = relatively low
income

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

low income

A

: $995 or less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lower middle income

A

$996 to $3,896

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

upper middle income

A

$3,896 to $12,055

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

High income

A

$12,056 or above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Determinants of health:

A

Range of personal, social,
economic, and environmental factors that determine the health status of individuals or populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Social determinants of health:

A

Specific group of social
and economic factors within the broader
determinants of health. These relate to an
individual’s place in society, such as income, education or employment. Experiences of discrimination, racism and historical trauma are important social determinants of health for certain
groups such as Indigenous Peoples, LGBTQ and Black Canadians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Social gradient

A

 “a term used to describe the phenomenon
whereby people who are less advantaged in terms of socioeconomic position have worse health (and shorter lives) than those who are more advantaged”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Personal health

A

refer to those actions by
which individuals can prevent diseases
and promote self-care and make choices
that enhance health.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Morbidity

A

sickness or any departure,
subjective or objective, from a
psychological or physiological state of
well-being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mortality

A

death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Prevalence

A

number of people suffering
from a certain health condition over a
specified time period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Incidence

A

the rate at which new cases of
a disease occur in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE

A

number of years a person of a given age can expect to live in good health, taking account of mortality and disability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)

A

the sum of years lost due to premature death and years lived with disability (YLDs)

Calculated by subtracting the age at which one die and ones life expectancy at that age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Risk factor

A

A factor that is known to be associated with health related conditions considered important to prevent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Demographic Divide

A

Highest-income countries have low
fertility, declining populations, and aging
populations
Lowest-income countries have high-
fertility, although it is slowly declining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

THE DEMOGRAPHIC
TRANSITION

A

 Shift in pattern of high fertility and high
mortality to low fertility and low
mortality, with population growth in
between
 Decline in mortality with improved
hygiene and nutrition, followed by
decline in fertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC
TRANSITION

A

 First, high and fluctuating mortality,
related to poor health conditions,
epidemics, and famine
 Then, progressive decline in mortality as
epidemics become less frequent
 Finally, further declines in mortality,
increases in life expectancy, and the
predominance of noncommunicable
diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Primary Care

A

first point of contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

secondary care

A

provided by some specialist physicians and general hospitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

tertiary care

A

Provided by an array of specialist physicians and specialized hospitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Health sector expenditure

A

Total health expenditure as a share of GDP varies substantially across countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Indirect Costs

A

expenses incurred from the cessation or reduction of
work productivity as a result of the morbidity and mortality
associated with a given disease.

35
Q

Direct Costs

A

the costs associated with medical resource utilization:
* Consist of consumption of in-patient, out-patient, and pharmaceutical
services within the health care delivery system

36
Q

Noncommunicable diseases

A

cannot be spread by an infectious agent, they last a long time, and they are often disabling and lead to death if not treated appropriately
* Also referred to as chronic diseases and
degenerative diseases

37
Q

Ischemic heart disease:

A

a disturbance of the heart
function due to inadequate supply of oxygen to the
heart muscle

38
Q

Communicable disease

A

synonymous with
infectious disease; can be transmitted animal-
animal, animal-human, or human-human;
includes infectious and parasitic diseases

39
Q

Case

A

an individual with a particular disease

40
Q

Case fatality rate

A

the proportion of persons with
a particular condition (cases) who die from that
condition

41
Q

Control (disease control):

A

reducing the incidence
and prevalence of a disease to an acceptable
level

42
Q

Elimination (of disease)

A

Reducing the incidence of a disease in a specific area to zero

43
Q

Emerging infectious disease

A

a newly discovered disease

44
Q

Eradication (of disease)

A

termination of all cases
of a disease and its transmission globally

45
Q

Parasite:

A

an organism that lives in or on another
organism and takes its nourishment from that organism

46
Q

Reemerging infectious disease:

A

an existing
disease that has increased in incidence, spread to new place, or has taken on new forms

47
Q

Outbreak

A

noticeable, often small, increase over
the expected number of cases of a disease in a small geographic area

48
Q

Epidemic:

A

outbreak of disease that spreads quickly
and affects many individuals at the same time. If it occurs over a large enough geographic area, it becomes a pandemic

49
Q

Pandemic

A

the spread of a new disease over
multiple countries or worldwide (WHO, 2020)

50
Q

Perinatal :

A

first week of life

51
Q

 Neonatal:

A

referring to the first month
of life

52
Q

Infant :

A

referring to the first year of life

53
Q

Sex

A

biologically given; refers to a set of
biological attributes in humans and
animals; male, female, but variation

54
Q

Gender:

A

Socially/culturally constructed
roles, behaviours, expressions and
identities of girls, women, boys, men, and

55
Q

Transgender:

A

Individuals who have a
gender identity or gender expression that
differs from their sex assigned at birth.

56
Q

Nonbinary

A

One term used to describe
individuals who may experience a gender
identity that is neither exclusively male
or female or is in between or beyond
both genders

57
Q

Role theory:

A

Social expectations about
status in society produces conformity to a
role and its related functions

58
Q

Obstetric fistula:

A

“an injury in the birth canal that
allows leakage from the bladder or rectum into
the vagina, leaving a woman permanently
incontinent, often leading to isolation and
exclusion from the family and community”; lack
of emergency care and prolonged labour can
contribute

59
Q

Equality:

A

Giving everyone the same thing (e.g., Everyone
gets $2,000 COVID-19 emergency benefit)

60
Q

Equity:

A

Giving people what they need (for instance, people
who were assigned male at birth do not usually need paps
and people who were assigned female at birth do not usually
need prostrate exams);

61
Q

Inequality:

A

“differences in health status or in the distribution of
health determinants between different population groups” —WHO

62
Q

Health disparities:

A

“a type of difference in health that is closely
linked with social or economic disadvantage” —CDC

63
Q

Impairment:

A

A problem in body
function or structure such as
significant deviation or loss

64
Q

Disability:

A

A complex phenomenon,
reflecting an interaction between
features of a person’s body and
features of the society in which he or
she lives.

65
Q

Aboriginal

A

: First Nations, Inuit, and Metis

66
Q

Indigenous

A

Current preferred term that replaces Aboriginal; used in
international context, too

67
Q

First Nations

A

a term used to describe Indigenous peoples of Canada
who are ethnically neither Métis nor Inuit. This term came into
common usage in the 1970s and ‘80s and generally replaced the term
“Indian

68
Q

Inuit

A

This term refers to specific groups of original peoples whose
traditional territories are the far north of what is now known as
Canada (singular: Inuk)

69
Q

Métis:

A

The term refers to a collective of cultures and ethnic identities
that resulted from unions between First Nations and European people
in what is now Canada

70
Q

Status Indian:

A

The term “Indian” refers to the legal identity of a First
Nations person who is registered under the Indian Act. The term
”Indian” is offensive to many

71
Q

Human rights:

A

“the rights one has because
one is a human being” (Kidd & Donnelly, 2000,
p. 132).

72
Q

Apartheid:

A

Afrikaans word meaning separation; policy
of racial segregation in South Africa (1948 – 1990)

73
Q

Sex trafficking:

A

“The recruitment, harboring,
transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purposes of committing a sex act”

74
Q

child soldier:

A

a person under the age of 18 who directly or
indirectly participates in an armed conflict as part of an
armed force or group

75
Q

Disaster:

A

“any occurrence that causes
damage, ecological destruction, loss of
human lives, or deterioration of health and
health services on a scale sufficient to
warrant an extraordinary response from
outside the affected community area”

76
Q

Complex humanitarian emergency:

A

“complex, multi-party, intra-state conflict
resulting in a humanitarian disaster which
might constitute multi-dimensional risks or
threats to regional and international
security

77
Q

Crude mortality rate:

A

the proportion of people who die from a population at risk over a specified period of time; Expressed per 10,000 population, per day

78
Q

Immigrant

A

a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country

79
Q

Refugee:

A

“A person who has fled and is outside of his[/her] own country because of fear of persecution”

80
Q

Internally displaced person:

A

Someone who is forced to flee
his or her home, often due to persecution, war, natural
disaster, or violence, but remains within his or her own
country”

81
Q

Healthy Immigrant Effect (H.I.E.):

A

Health status tends
to be higher than most Canadians, yet over time declines and converges toward status of citizens born in Canada.

82
Q

Sanitation:

A

“a sanitized word for the simple practice of dealing with human defecation. Sanitation can be used more broadly to include solid waste disposal”

83
Q

Sociocultural strategies:

A

reflect an in-depth
understanding of culturally normative practices and beliefs shared by the members of the targeted group

84
Q

Constituent involving:

A

collaboration of target group
members in the process of program and material
development

APA 1122 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions