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Anatomy Exam Four > AP4 > Flashcards

AP4 Flashcards

1
Q

The Central Nervous System Consists of

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Divisions of PNS

A

Sensory/ Afferent (somatic)

Motor/ Efferent (autonomic)

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3
Q

PNS- Sensory/ Afferent division

A

nerves+ ganglia
sends signals towards the CNS

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4
Q

PNS- Motor/ Efferent Division

A

Sends signals away from CNS

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5
Q

PNS- Motor/ Efferent (Somatic Nervous System)

A

Voluntary control of skeletal muscle

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6
Q

PNS- Motor/ Efferent (Autonomic nervous system) controls….

A

Involuntary control of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Sympathetic (fight/ flight) and parasympathetic (rest/ digest) divisions

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7
Q

Sympathetic ANS division

A

fight/ flight

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8
Q

Parasympathetic ANS division

A

rest/ digest

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9
Q

Neuroglia/ glia cells

A

support cells

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10
Q

CNS Glia cells

A

astrocytes- chemical clean-up (pinocytosis)
microglia- defense cells (phagocytes)
oligodendrocytes- myelinate CNS axons

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11
Q

PNS glia cells

A

Schwann cells- myelinate PNS axons

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12
Q

Astrocytes

A

chemical clean up (CNS)

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13
Q

Microglia

A

Defense cells (CNS)

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14
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

myelinate CNS axons (CNS)

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15
Q

Schwann cells

A

myelinate PNS axons (PNS)

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16
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized cells that conduct messages in the form of electrical impulses

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17
Q

Neuron Traits

A

Long-lived, amitotic
High metabolic rate

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18
Q

Neuron Parts (4)

A

Dendrites, Soma, Axon, Axon Terminal

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19
Q

Dendrites

A

Receiving Branches (catch chemical messengers)

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20
Q

Soma

A

Cell body; funnel all inputs coming in and synthesize macromolecules.

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21
Q

Axon

A

Long fiber that sends action potential (signal): myelinated axons are fast, have nodes (gaps of Ranvier)

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22
Q

Axon Terminals

A

Knobs that secrete transmitter when AP arrives

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23
Q

Functional Classes of Neurons (3)

A

Sensory
Interneurons in CNS
Motor Neurons

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24
Q

Anatomy/ Structural Classes of Neurons (3)

A

Multipolar- Lots of dendrites (one axon) off soma
Bipolar- 1 Axon, 1 dendrite off soma
Unipolar- 1 axon, no dendrites off soma

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25
Q

Voltage is

A

a potential; separation of opposite charges
in bio, measured in mV
-Current= Voltage/ Resistance

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26
Q

Leakage Channels

A

are always open (not gated)
-key to resting potential
-potentials are negative as K+ leaks out through many channels

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27
Q

Gated Channels

A

Can be open or closed depending on…

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28
Q

Chemically Gated Channels

A

Opened by the presence of neurotransmitter

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29
Q

Voltage-Gated Channels

A

Opened by change of membrane potential

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30
Q

Mechanically gated channels

A

opened by physical stretch or push on the cell
(eg. pull on the skin, sound waves)

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31
Q

The Resting Membrane Potential

A

-Typically around -70mV
-Near K+ equilibrium as it diffuses out
-Negatively charged proteins also contribute a bit

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32
Q

Communication Signals

A

Neurons use changes in membrane potential as communication signals

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33
Q

A change in membrane potential from rest can either be

A

depolarization or hyperpolarization

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34
Q

Depolarization

A

-Cells charge goes towards 0mV
-Cell is “less negative”
e.g. when a cation moves into the cell

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35
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

-Cell becomes more negative
e.g. when a cation leaves the cell
e.g. when an anion enters the cell

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36
Q

Graded potentials are

A

-Voltages that vary with the stimulus strength (Spectrum)
–Tend to be local- fade with distance
e.g. EPP, post-synaptic potentials in dendrites and somas of neurons.

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37
Q

Action Potentials

A

-Traveling, long-distance signal on axon
-all-or-none as long as the stimulus reaches the threshold
-non-decremental (same size near soma, terminals)

Refractory Period (less excitable)= during/ after time
a)absolute refractory: another action potential is impossible
b) relative refractory: harder, but still possible to get a second action potential

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38
Q

Action Potential Phases

A
  1. Rest Phase: Both Na+ and K+ gates shut
    2: Depolarization: Na+ gates open, K+ still shut
  2. Repolarization: Na+ inactivation, gates closes
    4 (after) Hyperpolarization: Na+ gates still closed, K+ Gates open
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39
Q

Action Potential Phases: Rest Phase

A

Both Na+ and K+ gates shut

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40
Q

Action Potential Phases: Depolarization

A

Na+ gates open, K+ still shut

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41
Q

Action Potential Phases: Repolarization

A

Na+ inactivation, gates closes

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42
Q

Action Potential Phases: Hyperpolarization

A

Na+ gates still closed, K+ Gates open

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43
Q

absolute refractory

A

another action potential is impossible

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44
Q

relative refractory

A

harder, but still possible to get a second action potential

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45
Q

Influence of Axon Diameter on conduction velocity

A

The fatter the axon the faster

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46
Q

Influence of myelin on conduction velocity

A

The more myelin the faster= saltatory

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47
Q

Conduction velocity typical units

A

(meters/ second)

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48
Q

A synapse is

A

A junction of two neurons

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49
Q

Electrical gap junctions

A

Gap junctions- neurons coupled with channels allowing fast communication

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50
Q

Chemical Synapses and their parts+events

A

a) presynaptic terminal- AP arrives, Ca2+ enters; exocytosis of neurotransmitter
b) synaptic cleft- neurotransmitter diffuses
c) postsynaptic membrane (often dendrite membrane) its receptors catch neurotransmitters and have a graded synaptic potential (EPSP or IPSP)

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51
Q

Neurotransmitter clearance may involve

A

a) enzymes that cut neurotransmitter molecules (e.g. AchEsterase)
b) some transmitter just diffuses away
c) reuptake of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic terminal (e.g. serotonin reuptake proteins that are inhibited by SSRI antidepressant drugs)

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52
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory- depolarization
-cations enter
-cell more likely to fire AP

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53
Q

IPSP

A

inhibitory-hyperpolarization
-anions enter or cations exit
-cell less likely to fire AP

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54
Q

Temporal Summation

A

successive inputs from same input close together in time are added

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55
Q

Spacial Summation

A

simultaneous inputs from multiple inputs are added

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56
Q

Neurotransmitter- Ach

A

a) excites skeletal muscle cells
b) inhibits cardiac muscle cells
c) memory circuits in cerebrum

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57
Q

Neurotransmitter- Biogenic Amine

A

a) norepinephrine- cell bodies in brain stem, long axons with terminals all over brain- alertness
b) dopamine- from basal nuclei for motor control (e.g addiction “feel good”)

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58
Q

Neurotransmitter- Amino Acids

A

a) glutamate- excites
b) GABA- inhibit

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59
Q

Neurotransmitter- neuropeptides

A

e.g. endorphins- bodies own pain reliever

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60
Q

Neurotransmitter- lipids

A

e.g. endocanabinoid- appetite

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61
Q

Neurotransmitter- purine

A

inhibits neurons
e.g. caffeine inhibits adenosine receptors (blocks it from creating IPSP

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62
Q

The two main types of neurotransmitter receptors are

A

Ionotropic Receptors and Metabotrophic receptors

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63
Q

Ionotropic Receptors

A

direct- channel linked
-protein catches transmitter and acts as a chemically gated channel

64
Q

Metabotropic Receptors

A

indirect
-uses G-proteins and 2nd messengers to influence… eventually… ion channels

65
Q

diverging circuits

A

one (or a few) presynaptic cells communicate with many post synaptic cells (e.g. norepi)

66
Q

converging circuits

A

many presynaptic cells communicate with few postsynaptic cells (e.g. grandma cells- different associations liked to grandma)

67
Q

serial neural processing

A

sequential
e.g. sensory neuron-> interneuron-> motor neuron

68
Q

parallel neural processing

A

simultaneous
e.g. reflex withdrawal in spinal cord happens when brain awareness happens

69
Q

development- neural plate

A

ectoderm midline

70
Q

development- neural tube

A

-hollow structure formed when plate folds
- will become CNS (brain + spinal cord)

71
Q

development- neural crest

A

will become PNS (nerves + ganglia)

72
Q

swellings in neural tubes and what they become- primary vesicles

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

73
Q

swellings in neural tubes and what they become- secondary vesicles- forebrain

A

forebrain->
telencephalon-> cerebrum
diencephalon-> thylamus and hypothylamus

74
Q

swellings in neural tubes and what they become- secondary vesicles- midbrain

A

midbrain-> midbrain

75
Q

swellings in neural tubes and what they become- secondary vesicles- hindbrain

A

hindbrain->
metencephalon-> pons and cerebellum
mylencephalon-> medulla

76
Q

Regions of adult brain

A

two lateral ventricles
third ventricle
fourth ventricle

77
Q

ventricles

A

spaces filled with CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

78
Q

Lateral ventricles location and parts

A

hemispheres- inter-ventricular foramina

79
Q

Third ventricle location and parts

A

diencephalon- cerebral aqueduct

80
Q

Fourth ventricle location and parts

A

cerebellum- central canal (spinal cord), subarachnoid space

81
Q

Cerebral hemispheres- cortex

A

outer layer of wrinkly grey matter

gyri- ridges
sulci- grooves
fissures- large sulci

82
Q

Cerebral hemispheres- frontal lobe

A

in front of central sulcus
-prefrontal cortex: personality and planning
-broca’s area: L side of frontal lobe- speech
-precentral gyrus: primary motor cortex

83
Q

Cerebral hemispheres- parietal lobe

A

post-central gyrus: Primary somato-sensory cortex

84
Q

Cerebral hemispheres- temporal lobe

A

primary auditiory cortex

85
Q

Cerebral hemispheres- occipital lobe

A

primary visual cortex

86
Q

Cerebral hemispheres- large sulci

A

-central sulcus: between frontal + parietal
-longitudinal fissure: between L and R hemispheres
-lateral sulcus: between temporal and frontal+ parietal lobe
-transverse fissure- between cerebrum and cerebellum
-parieto-occipital sulcus

87
Q

white matter

A

made white by oligodendrocytes of tracts (bundles of axons in CNS)

88
Q

white matter- commissures

A

connect L and R halves of brain
e.g. corpus callosum

89
Q

white matter- association fibers

A

short, local axon

90
Q

white matter- projection fibers

A

-long distance axons
–e.g. corticospinal tract axons

91
Q

basal nuclei- corpus striatum

A

-caudate and putamen
-motor control

92
Q

basal nuclei- globus pallidus- internal and external

A

-motor control

93
Q

Parkinsons Disease

A

-cell bodies in substantia nigra that connect to axons and terminals in corpus stratum die

-tremor at rest, rigidity, difficulty starting movements

-treated with L-dopa

94
Q

Huntingtons disease

A

-Basal Nuclei Die Off
-Caused by genetic mutation
-Difficulty stopping excess movement
-treat with drugs that block dopamine

95
Q

diencephalon- thlamus

A

-relays info to cortex
-has nuclei within it
-lateral geniculate nucleus- to visual cortex
-medial geniculate nucleus- to auditory cortex
-intermediate mass: crosses midline

96
Q

diencephalon- hypothalamus

A

-below thalamus, above pituitary
-motivation/ drive reduction (sleep, hunger, sex drive)
-controls pituitary through infundibulum
-important effects on autonomic nervous system

97
Q

diencephalon- epithalamus

A

includes pineal gland (melatonin-sleeeppyyy)

98
Q

Where is the midbrain located

A

Between Pons and Diencephalon

99
Q

Midbrain includes….

A

-cerebral peduncles: front
-cerebral aqueduct: center
-superior collicili: visual reflex- back
-inferior collicili: auditory reflex- back
-substantia nigra- middle

100
Q

Pons “bridge”

A

-fiber tract
-nuclei for nerves 5-8

101
Q

medulla oblongata

A

-pyramids of medulla- rides in front with motor cortex axons
-decussation- axons cross so one side of motor cortex controls the other side of the body
-cardiovasular and respiratory control nuclei

102
Q

Cerebellum consists of…

A

-Cortex “folia” (ridges)
-arbor vitae- white matter
-deep cerebellar nuclei

103
Q

Cerebellum- Cortex: “Folia”

A

-ridges
-2 hemispheres with vermis on midline
–anterior lobe, posterior lobe, small flocculonodular lobe

104
Q

Cerebellum- Arbor Vitae- white matter

A

myelinated axons going to and from cerebral cortex

105
Q

Cerebellum- Deep cerebellar nuclei

A

Cell bodies that have axons exciting cerebellum w/ terminals in thalamus and brainstem for ipsilateral motor control (same side motor control)

106
Q

The limbic system functions in

A

emotion

107
Q

Limbic system consists of

A

amygdala
hypothalamus
cingulate gyrus

108
Q

Amygdala

A

-“almond” deep in temporal lobe
-fear and aggression

109
Q

Hypothalamus

A

-desire/satisfaction

110
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A

-ridge above the corpus callous
-pain, resolving internal conflict

111
Q

How many stages of sleep do you go through in one night

A

4-5, measured by EEG

112
Q

Sleep Stage 1

A

Start to relax- alpha waves

113
Q

Sleep Stage 2

A

Alpha waves, sleep spindle

114
Q

Sleep Stage 3

A

Deep Sleep= slow waveform sleep (delta, theta waves)

115
Q

Sleep Stage 4

A

Deepest sleep= Mostly Delta Waves

116
Q

REM Sleep

A

Rapid eye movement
-high frequency beta waves
-dreams w/ story; motor neurons inhibited

117
Q

Stages of memory

A

Short-term and long-term

118
Q

Short-term memory

A

seconds- limited capacity

119
Q

long-term memory

A

has to be “consolidated” huge capacity

120
Q

Categories of memory

A

Declarative- what
procedural- how

121
Q

Declarative memory

A

“what”
-recal of facts

–H.M. lost the ability to consolidate declarative memories after his hipocampus was removed

122
Q

Procedural memory

A

“how”

-skill memory

–H.M. kept that

123
Q

Brain structures involved in delarative memory

A

hippocamupus (ach neurotransmitter) and basal forebrain

124
Q

Brain structures involved in procedural memory

A

-basal nuclei-> dopamine
-premotor cortex

125
Q

Protection of CNS- Meninges= “membranes”

PAD the CNS

A

-Pia matter
-arachnoid matter
-dura matter

126
Q

Pia Matter

A

inner thin layer

127
Q

Arachnoid Matter

A

Middle spider-web like layer
-space under it (above pia) has CSF

128
Q

Dura Matter

A

Outer, thick membrane- with periosteal and meningeal layer

e.g. falx cerebri- longitudinal fissure
falx cerebri- vermis
tentorium cerabelli- transverse fissure

129
Q

C.S.F cerebrospinal fluid

A

a) plasma like
b) made by choroid plexus in ventricles
c) flows into ventricles, subarachnoid space, central canal
d) absorbed into blood at granulations or dural sinuses

130
Q

what makes CSF and where

A

made by choroid plexus in ventricles

131
Q

Where does CSF go

A

ventricles, subarachnoid space, and central canal

132
Q

where is CSF absorbed

A

absorbed into blood at granulations or dural sinuses

133
Q

blood brain barrier

A

-protects brain chemistry
-consists of tightly sealed cappilaries (many tight junctions) reinforced by astrocytes
-not absolute

134
Q

blood brain barrier function

A

protect brain chemistry

135
Q

blood brain barrier consists of

A

tightly sealed cappilaries (many tight junctions) reinforced by astrocytes

136
Q

spinal cord is consists of

A

nervous tissue

137
Q

spinal cord extent

A

-from foramen magnum to L1 vertebrae
-inferior end: conus medullaris
-below conus is cauda equina- nerve bundle

138
Q

Spinal cord enlargements

A

cervical enlargement: serves upper limbs
lumbar enlargement: for lower limbs

139
Q

spinal cord in cross section

A

-central grooves
-white matter
-grey matter

140
Q

SC in cross section central grooves

A

-anterior median fissure
-posterior median sulcus

141
Q

SC in cross section grey matter

A

i) grey commissure
ii) dorsal horns- interneurons for somatic sensation
iii) ventral horns- motor neuron somas
iv) lateral horns- only in T and L spinal cord —sypathetic n.s. neurons

142
Q

SC in cross section white matter- main columns (funiculi)

A

-contains tracts- bundles of axons
-anterior
-posterior
-lateral

143
Q

SC in cross section white matter- ascending tracts within columns

A
  • dorsal columns contain fasciculus gracilis (lower limb info) and fasciculus cunetus (upper limb info) which both carry light touch (sensory) and proprioception
    -anterolateral white matter contains spinothalamic tract that carries pain and temperature info into brain
144
Q

SC in cross section white matter- descending tract

A

-lateral corticospinal tract= pyramidal tract
-from motor cortex to spinal cord for control of fine movements (distal muscles)

145
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory- smell

146
Q

CN II

A

Optic- See

147
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor- Moves eyes around

148
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear- moves eye

149
Q

CN V

A

trigeminal- sensation of face, chew

150
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens- moves eye laterally

151
Q

CN VII

A

Facial- facial expression, taste

152
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear- balance, hearing

153
Q

CN IX

A

glossopharyngeal- sensory+ motor for tongue and throat

154
Q

CN X

A

Vagus- PNS- autonomic rest/ digest

155
Q

CN XI

A

Accessory- neck/ shoulder m.

156
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal- controls tongue m.

157
Q
A

Anatomy Exam Four (1 decks)

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