ap2 quiz test Flashcards
Bradycardia is > 60 beats/min
False
tachycardia is defined as >100beats/min
True
Systemic circulation involves the right side of the heart
False
Blood is taken to the lungs from the left ventricle
False
The SA node is the peacemaker of the heart and is found in the left atrium
False
Endothelial cells make up the epicardium
False
The thickest layer of the heart is the myocardium
True
the pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood
True
The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood
True
The right AV valve is also called the mitral valve
False
The left AV valve is also called the bicuspid valve
True
Normal heart rate is 70-80 beats/min
True
Gap junction keep cardiomyocytes from separating
False
At -60mV, sodium channels open rapidly
False
The RMP of the SA node os -60 volts
False
Sa node RMP is unstable
True
Sympathetic stimulation decreases diastolic depolarization
False
Potassium channels close at -60 mV
True
Pacemaker potential refers to slow depolarization
True
A cardiac cycle is ~8 seconds
False
The first line of defense is an adaptive response
False
The second line of defense is an adaptive response
False
the third line of defense is non-specific and lacks memory
False
The cell mediated response requires T cells
True
The antibody response is also called the humoral response
True
Lysozyme degrades bacterial cell walls
True
Lymphocytes are examples of phagocytes
False
Natural killer cells destroy bacteria-infected cells
False
natural killer cells destroys cancer cells
True
A phagolysosome consists of a phagocytic vesicle and lysosomal enzymes
True
Alveolar macrophages are found in the liver
False
Microglia are macrophages found in the central nervous system
True
Histamine is a potent vasoconstrictor
False
LPF stimulates the proliferation of leukocytes in the bone marrow
True
Heparin is an anticlotting agent
True
Interferons are produced primarily in response to bacterial infections
False
Lymphocytes produce gamma interferons
True
CRP is a non-specific clinical marker of the inflammatory response
True
The alternate pathway for activation of complement requires an antibody
False
Peptidoglycan is an example of a PAMP
True
Lysosomes degrade bacteria only
False
T-helper cells have CD8+ coreceptors
False
T-helper cells have CD8+ coreceptors
False
Cytotoxic T cells induce apoptosis
True
Immediate hypersensitivity involves T cells
False
Delayed hypersensitivity involved antibodies
False
A positive TB skin test is an example of immediate hypersensitivity
False
T-helper cells recognize antigens on MHC-II
True
Gamma interferons is produced by lymphocytes
True
IgA is also Known as secretary antibody
True
Interferons can activate macrophages and NK cells
True
Histamine is a bronchoconstrictor
True
Adaptive immunity is systemic
True
An epitope is an antibody determinant
False
One antigen can have many epitopes
True
IgG accounts for about 10% of gamma globulins
False
Anti-Rh antibody is an IgG-type antibody
True
IgM is a pentameric molecules
True
IgM can cross the placenta to cause erythroblastosis fetalis
False
Contact dermatitis is an example of delaying hypersensitivity
True
decrease in temperature increase O2 disassociation from hemoglobin
False
Increase H+ decreases O2 disassociation from hemoglobin
False
Increase in H+ shifts the O2 disassociation curve to the right
True
The least common, yet most dangerous lung cancer is small cell
True
BPG is a by product of anaerobic fermentation
True
BPG enhances O2 disassociation from hemoglobin
True
Elevated temperature increase BPG Levels
True
An increased level of CO2 increases the pH of blood
False
Normal blood pH is between pH 6.35 - 6.45
False
Increased levels of CO2 lead to acidosis
True
Increased levels of O2 lead to alkalosis
True
Hyperventilation can lead to Acidosis
False
Hypoventilation can lead to alkalosis
False
Chemoreceptors detect changes in blood pressure
False
Carotid bodies are chemoreceptors
True
Aortic bodies are chemoreceptors
True
Central chemoreceptors are found in the medulla
True
Blueness of skin is called cyanosis
True
Cyanide can lead to histotoxic hypoxia
True
Pneumonia is caused by microbial infections
True
The functional unit of the kidney is called a glomerulous
False
A glomerulus is fed by an efferent arteriole
False
A glomerulus is drained by an afferent arteriole
True
The vasa recta branches off an efferent arteriole
True
Average blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) is 55 mmHg
True
Average capsular pressure (CP) is 30mmHg
False
Average Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is 15 mmHg
False
Net filtration pressure is- 10 mmHg
False
GFR is the glomerular filtration rate of one kidney
False
If Kf is 20 ml/min,and NFP is Normal, then GFR=125 ml/min
False
Aldosterone causes the kidneys to retain sodium
True
Autoregulation is the same as intrinsic control
True
Myogenic control is an intrinsic mechanism of control
True
Macula densa cells detect low levels of NaCl
False
Juxtaglomerular cells have phagocytic activity
False
Macula densa cells are chemoreceptors and osmoreceptors
True
A potential vasoconstrictor produced by macula densa cells is cAMP
False
Renin is found in macula densa cells
False
Juxtaglomerular cells are innervated by parasympathetic fibers
False
Angiotensin II reduces blood pressure
False
Human gametes have 46 Chromosomes
False
Female liver cells have 22 pairs of chromosomes and XX
True
Male gametes have 46 chromosomes and XY
False
Female liver cells have 22 pairs of chromosomes and XY
False
Eggs have 22 pairs of chromosomes and XX
False
Sperm cells have 22 pairs of chromosomes and XY
False
Gametes are diploid
False
Sperm and eggs are produced by meiosis from 1N cells
False
The paramesonephric duct degenerates in male embryos
True
The mesonephric duct develops into female reproductive tract
False
Sperm is produced in the epididymis
False
Eggs are stored in the epididymis
False
Sustantacular cells are also called Leydig cells
False
Interstitial cells have receptors for LH
False
Sustanticular cells have receptors for FSH
True
Leydig cells have receptors for LH
True
Cremaster muscle contract at high temperatures
False
The Dartos muscle contract when exposed to “cold” temperatures
True
Sperm is transported through the rete testes to epididymis
True
The midpiece of the sperm cell contains mitochondria
True
Gastroferritin is found in the stomach
True
Ferritin is the inactive iron storage molecule
False
Apoferritin transports iron to the liver
False
The acidity of the stomach converts Fe2+ to Fe3+
False
Normal Hematocrit from males is 42+/- 5%
False
Transferrin transports Fe2+ in the blood stream
True
Eosinophils increase in allergy and asthma
True
Eosinophils can phagocytose worms
True
Erythropoietin is required for WBC proliferation
False
An RBC’s lifespan averages 220 days
False
Specifically, bilirubin is a byproduct of globin breakdown
False
Specifically, high biliverdin level result in jaundice
False
Lactic acid is among the nitrogenous wastes
False
Creatine is a waste product of cteatinine metabolism
False
Urea is a waste product of amino acid metabolism
True
Uric acid is waste product of urea metabolism
False
Normal pH of blood is pH 6.35-6.45
False
A hemoglobin concentration of 14 gm/dl is normal
True
Intrinsic factor is required for Vitamin B6 absorption
False
Basophils secrete histamine
True
The critical factor controlling stroke volume is preload
True
SV=EDV-ESV
True
At homeostasis, SV=~120ml - 130 ml
False
CO=HR x SV
True
If heart is 60 bpm and CO = 3600 ml; SV= 60 ml
True
EDV = amount of blood in ventricle during systole
False
ESV = amount of blood in the ventricle after contraction
True
SV = amount of blood pumped by heart per minute
True
Preload = amount ventricles are stretched by contained blood
True
Cardiac reserve = difference between resting and maximal CO
True
Epinephrine is a negative inotropic agent
False
Sympathetic fibers release the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine
False
The heart exhibits vagal tone
True
In dilated cardiomyopathy, atria stretch and become flabby
False
Left side failure of the heart results from pulmonary edema
True
Anastomosis is the merging of larger blood vessels
True
The aorta is an example of a distributing artery
False
Continuous capillaries make up the blood-brain barrier
True
Fenestrated capillaries are found in the liver
True
Sinusoid are found in bone marrow
True
