ap2 Flashcards
The movement of people from one place to another for work, study, or residence.
Migration
Moving within the same country (e.g., Manila to Cebu).
internal migration
Moving across borders (e.g., Filipinos working in Canada).
international migration
- Economic reasons (better jobs, higher salaries)
- Political instability (wars, conflicts)
- Environmental factors (natural disasters)
common causes of migration?
What are the effects of migration on individuals?
Financial improvement but emotional stress (family separation).
What are the effects of migration on communities?
Urbanization and overpopulation in cities.
What are the effects of migration on the economy?
Remittances help the home country but lead to ‘brain drain.’
A country’s sovereignty over land, waters, and airspace.
territorial boundaries
What are natural boundaries?
Mountains, rivers, seas.
Man-made divisions between countries.
political boundaries?
Based on UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea).
maritime boundaries
Why do territorial disputes happen?
- Resources (oil, gas, fish)
- Historical claims (past ownership)
- Strategic location (important for military or trade route)
What is a key territorial dispute involving the Philippines?
West Philippine Sea (China vs. Philippines).
What is the significance of the ‘Nine-Dash Line’?
China claims parts of the sea, but in 2016, the PCA ruled in favor of the Philippines.
What is Benham Rise?
A vast undersea plateau located in the northeastern part of the Philippines’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), east of Luzon.
What is the Sabah dispute?
The Philippines claims Sabah was leased to Britain, not sold, while Malaysia rejects this claim.
When a family holds multiple government positions across generations.
political dynasty?
Pre-colonial period
Datus passed leadership to their children.
What are the causes of political dynasties?
- Weak laws (no strong Anti-Dynasty Law)
- Voter loyalty (Filipinos vote based on ‘utang na loob’)
- Economic power (wealthy families control elections)
What are the effects of political dynasties?
- Less accountability and more corruption
- Fewer opportunities for new leaders
What are examples of political dynasties in the Philippines?
- Marcos Family (Ilocos Norte)
- Duterte Family (Davao)
- Binay Family (Makati)
The abuse of power for personal gain.
is corruption
What are the types of corruption?
- Bribery – Giving money to influence government decisions.
- Embezzlement – Stealing public funds.
- Nepotism – Giving jobs to family and friends instead of qualified people.
- Patronage Politics (Padrino System) – Gaining favors through connections.
What are the effects of corruption on government?
Weak institutions and poor governance.
What are the effects of corruption on the economy?
Fewer foreign investments, slower growth.
What are anti-corruption laws in the Philippines?
- RA 3019 (Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act)
- Presidential Anti-Corruption Commission (PACC)
Basic freedoms that all people deserve, regardless of nationality, gender, religion, or status.
human rights
These are characteristics of human rights?
- Universal – Apply to everyone.
- Inalienable – Cannot be taken away.
- Interdependent – All rights are equally important.
- Protected by law – Guaranteed by national and international laws.
What are the types of human rights?
- Civil Rights – Freedom of speech, right to privacy.
- Political Rights – Right to vote, participate in government.
- Economic Rights – Fair wages, safe working conditions.
- Cultural Rights – Freedom of religion and language.
- Social Rights – Education, healthcare.
What are common human rights violations in the Philippines?
- Extrajudicial Killings (EJKs) – Unlawful executions in the war on drugs.
- Red-Tagging – Labeling activists as terrorists.
- Election Fraud – Manipulating votes.
- Forced Labor & Human Trafficking – Exploitation of workers.
What are the effects of human rights violations on individuals?
Psychological trauma, fear, limited opportunities.
What are the effects of human rights violations on communities?
Weak social bonds, increased violence.
What are the effects of human rights violations on the economy?
Brain drain, loss of investments.
What laws protect human rights?
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR, 1948)
- 1987 Philippine Constitution (Bill of Rights, Article III)
- Commission on Human Rights (CHR)
Wealthy Filipino elites (principalia) gained power.
Spanish period
Many provinces are still controlled by powerful families.
Modern times
The same families controlled politics.
American period
Apply to everyone.
Universal
Inalienable
Cannot be taken away.
Interdependent
All rights are equally important.
Guaranteed by national and international laws.
Protected by law
defines migration as the movement of a person or group of persons, either across an international border, or within a state.
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
