Ap2 Flashcards
What is the order of ossification in the elbow?
Capitellium
Radial head
Internal epicondyle
Troclea
Olecranon
Lateral epicondyle
What is COP D
An umbrella term for people with bronchitis or emphysema because both cars obstructive breathing
Cause of c o p d
Smoking
Symptoms of COP D
A cough breathlessness frequent infections
Treatment for COP D
Stop smoking, steroids ,antibiotics, oxygen
Radiographic appearance of COP D
Course hyperextended lungs
What is a duplex
Double ureters it’s asymptomatic
What is a horse shoe kidney
Fused kidneys
What is a staghorn calculus
Large kidneystone, can’t be passed ,looks like staghorn
What is hydronephrosis
When a kidney is stretched and swollen due to build-up of urine because of an obstruction
Causes of hydronephrosis
Pregnancy, gynaecological cancers, renal stones, blockage, enlarged prostate gland
Types of ovarian cysts
Functional(part of menstrual cycle), pathological(benine or malignant)
What is testicular tortion
When the spinal cord twists and cuts off blood supply to the testicals
Clinical signs of testicular tortion
Pain, nausea, vommitimg
What is hydrocelrtestes
Serious fluid collection in the area surrounding testical
What is renal calci and cause
Kidney stones, dehydration
What is clinical presentation of renal calci
Blood in urine,
Renal colic
Pain urinating
Pale
Vommitimg
Fever
Sighns of acromegaly?
Pronounced brow, jaw protrusion, large hands feet noses lips ears, skin thickening, deep voice, tall height
What is the threat of a lymph tumour
Fragments may enter lymph capillary cells then enter and settle in a new node
What is a lymph infection
Infected material enters lymph vessels from infected tissue phagocytes are not effective and spreads from node to node and back to the bloodstream
What is lymphodemitis
Infection of the lymph nodes, nodes become inflamed and in large attracting lots of phagocytes, if immune response fails then the infection can cause abceses and spread further
What are the functions of the lymph system
Tissue drainage
Absorption of fats
Immunity
What is the clinical presentation of meningitis
First:
Mild fever
Clumsiness
Headache
Stiff neak
Loss of apitite
Drowsiness
Irritability
Vomiting
Light sensitivity
Confusion
Second:
Unresponsive
Coma
Muscle weakness
Sever headache
Seizures
Changes in mental functions
Paralysis
Unconiousness
All the first ones but more severe
What are preprocedure contrast considerations
Previous reaction to iv contrast poor renal function
diabetes
Heart problems
Asthma
Hay-fever
Thyroid disease
Glaucoma
What does the lymphatic system contain
Lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, tissue fluid, phagocytes, lymphoid tissue, bone marrow,lymph organs
What is lymphodema
Swelling of soft tissue with tissue fluid
Why may there be lymphatic obstruction
Tumours, surgery to remove nodes, trauma
What are benine fibroadenomas
Lumps of fibourous glandular tissue, highly mobile, clear defined edges, palpable mass, surrounding tissue displaced, round margins
Calcification is bilateral, numerous and widely scatterd
Bladder carcinoma risk factors
Exposure to substances such as in smoking, dyes and solvents
What is a urethral stricture
Scarring that narrows urethra
What is urethral fistula and risk factors for it
Serious complication from pelvic disease or surgery,
Endometriosis, IBS
Stroke causes
Atherosclerosis
Thrombosis
Embolism
Cerebral hemorrhage
(Tissue damage and trauma)
Stroke treatment
Anticoagulant therepy
Occupational and physiotherapy
Rehabilitation
What is acoustic neuroma
Benine tumour of the ear
Symptoms of acoustic neuroma
Unisided hearing loss, vertigo, headache , double vision, numbness, hoarse voice
Types of hearing imparirment
Conductive, sensorineural
What is sinusitis
Spread of microbes from the nose and pharynx to mucus membrane lining of sinuses
Symptoms of sinusitis
Facial pain, headache
ICH clinical presentation
Loss conuousness, headache focal neurological defects, nausea, vomiting, seizures
ICH causes
AVM
Hypertension
Head trauma
What can trigger seizures
Stress
Lack sleep
Alcohol
Drugs
Fevers
Flashing lights
Periods
Mediolateral oblique boob quadrents
Right upper left upper
Right lower left lower
Craniocaudial boob quadrents
Right outer left outer
Right inner left inner
What are clinical indications of gallbladder pathologies
Weight loss, pain, gallstones,jaundice, tumours
What is Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gall bladder usually caused by gallstones, very painful
Treatment of cholecystitis
Pain relief, fluids, antibiotics, gall bladder removed
What are the 2 main substances involved in gallstone formation
Cholesterol (yellow)and calcium bilirubinate (brown/black)
When are gall stones formed
They are found when substances within The bile have reached the upper limit of solubility and mix with sludge to form stones, may contain calcium and therfore be radiopaque.
Signs and symptoms of gallstones
Right upper quadrent pain, intense pain behind right shoulder, vomiting, jaundice,
Complications of gallstones
The stone may block the duct at the ampulla of Vater, the bile may back up into the liver and become infected, sever pain and inflammation, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, stones can pass into the duodenum and cause a bowl obstruction
Jaundice causes
By failure of excretion of bilirubin via the bilary system, gall stones, cancer,
Treatment of gallstones
Keyhole surgery, monitoring and pain relief, balanced diet, medicine to dissolve stones
What is pancreatitis
Information of the pancreas caused by activation of pancreatic enzymes in the pancreas as opposed to the duodenum
What is the aetiology of pancreatis
Alcohol abuse, trauma to the pancreas, blockage of the pancreatic duct, blockage of the common bile duct(gallstones), auto immune response, high fat levels in the blood
Chronic pancreatits cause
Slow onset, gradual destruction of the pancreas caused by alcoholism(jasmine)
What is cirrhosis
Scarring of the liver, reduces liver function,
Risk factors for liver carcinoma
Hepatitis, cirrhosis, male
Liver carcinoma patient presentation
Abdominal mass, pain, jaundice
What is hepatitus
Inflammation of the liver reducing liver function caused by viruses or drug and alcohol abuse
Symptoms of hepatitus
Loss apatite, nausea, vomiting, pale stools, dark urine, pain
What is aetiology
Cause
What is the cause of colorectal carcinoma
Refined diet, smoking, hereditary factors
What is a volvus
Loop of bowel twisted, coffee bean sighn
Complications of a volvus
Intestinal obstruction, ischaemia, gangrene, necrosis, perforation, peritonitis
What is a diverticulum
A small pouch in a colon that bulges outwards due to weakness
Complications of diverticular disease
Can bleed and cause pain
Can become inflamed
Can become infected
Fistulas Can form
Strictures
Causes of a small bowel obstruction
Mechanical or functional obstruction
Adhesions from surgery
Hernia
Swalled object
Neoplasm
Complications of small bowel obstruction
Medical emergency
Perforation and peritonitis
Abscess formation
Necrosis
Death
What is paralytic ilius
Paralysis of bowel
Bowel goes to sleep
After major surgery
Risk factors for small bowel carcinoma
Diet, fatty food, red meat, smoked food, smoking, alcohol consumption, ulcer, previous colon cancer
What is crohns disease
Inflammatory bowel disease ,
Lineing of bowel wall is inflamed and can be ulcerated
Crohns disease symptoms
Weight loss, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, fatigue
Upper GI symptoms
Dysphagia
Pain
Vomiting
Heartburn
Indigestion
Regurgitation
Cough
Belching
Causes of upper GI problems
Smoking
Alcohol consumption
Stroke
MnD
Ageing process
Trauma
Stress
Congential
What does prolapsed intervertebral disc cause
Spinal cord or nerve route compression
What to look for in spinal pathology images
Intevertable disk bulging
Symptoms of PID
Paralysis unilateral or bilateral, pain acute or chronic, local muscle spasms, necrosis of the cord,
What is degenerative disc disease
Disc degenerates and loses water and becomes less spongy and and cannot act as a shock absorber
Symptoms of DDD
Lower back pain
What is spinal stenosis
Narrowing of the spinal canal resulting in compression of the spinal cord
What I’d acalasia
The inability of sphincter at the distal end of oesophagus to relax and open causing regurgitation of food and chest pain
Treatment for acalasia
Dilation or botox
Symptoms and risk factors of oseophageal carcinoma
Burning pain in throat
Food sticking in oesophagus
Weight loss
High bmi
Smoking
Alcohol
Hiatus hernia what is
Protrusion of part of the stomach through the oesophageal opening in the diaphram
Risk factors for hiatus hernia
Obesity
Exercise
Genetics
Smoking
Pregnancy
What is gastric polyps
Abnormal growth of cells in epithelial lineing of stomach
What is a peptic ulcer
A break or lining in the stomach much like a mouth ulcer
Complications of a peptic ulcer
Haemorrhage
Perforation
Pyloric stenosis
Development of malignant tumor
What are oesophageal varicies
Dilated blood vessels that develop as a complication of portal hypertension usually in the setting of cirrhosis
Symptoms of oesophageal varicies
Vomiting blood
Light headedness
LOC
black or bloody stools
What is a syrinx
A fluid filled cavity that develops in the spinal cord
Risk factors for spinal infections
Immunosuppression
Age
Spinal surgery
Intravenous drug use
Diabetes
What is multiple sclerosis
Neurological autoimmune condition with wide range of symptoms
Patient care during a ct colonography
Patient changed into radiolucent gown, LMp, cheak laxative has been taken and workd, toilet, infection control ,iv cannulation
Aftercare for ct colonography
Wait in department for 20minuets, return to normal eating and drinking, drink plenty of fluids, warn for possible cramps, warn of bluring of vision, if severe pain seek medical help
Advantages of MR colonography
No ionising radiation, less invasive, good for young patients, diagnosis not limited to bowel, sensitive for Abnormality detection, not as readily available
What looks at veins
Arteriography
What is a fecal occult blood test
Tests for blood in stools, occult=can’t see it
Small bowel contraindications
Suspected Perforation
Complete obstruction
Types of stroke
Ischemic stroke (80%), plaque or clot blocks blood flow to part of the brain
Haemorrhagic stroke, balloon type aneurism happens in a blood vessle and can then burst
What is cerebrovascular disease
Any process caused by an Abnormality to the blood vessels or supply to the brain
What are nasal polps
Abnormal tissue growths inside nasal passages and sinuses caused by inflammation
Risk factors for nasopharangeal carcinoma
Infection, smoking, diet, genetics, existing conditions, occupational exposure to chemicals, alcohol
Multiple sclerosis symptoms
Temporary loss of vision, double vision, unsteadiness, dizzyness
Huntington disease symptoms
Spasmodic movements, speech difficulties, psychological disorders
Parkinsons disease symptoms
Slowness of movement, muscle rigidity, tremors, speech difficulty
Senile dementia symptoms
Lowering intelligence, lower functions, lowering ability of reason, poor eyesight, poor hearing
What are neoplasms and symptoms and risk factors
Renal cell carcinoma,
Fever, weightloss, hypertension,night sweats, hypercalcemia
Male smoking, age, obesity, hypertension
What is pulmonary embolism
Blockage in pulmonary arterial system , associated with dvp
Risk factors and treatments for pulmonary embolism
Older than 50, genetics, clots, pregnancy,
Blood thinners(warfarins)
Pneumothorax types
Spontaneous- copd, cyctic fibrosis, lung cancer, oesophageal rupture, lung absess
Tention-
What is lobular collapse and causes
Proximal occlusion of broncus, bronceogenic cancer, asthma, inhaled foreign body, ED tube inserted too far
What is pneumonia and appearance on xray
Inflammatory condition caused by infection, appears particularly white and can see air broncheograms
What is BPH
Benine protate enlargement
What are brain metastases
Secondary tumour spread from another organ to the brain,
Solitary or multiple leisons
Most common sites from brain metastases to spread
Lung, breast, testicular, kidney, bladder, certain sarcomas and melanoma
Brain tumour symptoms
Seizures, gradual neurological deficiency, difficulty thinking, slow comprehension, weakness, vision problems, headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, personality changes
