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Hannahs Class > Ap2 > Flashcards

Ap2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of ossification in the elbow?

A

Capitellium
Radial head
Internal epicondyle
Troclea
Olecranon
Lateral epicondyle

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2
Q

What is COP D

A

An umbrella term for people with bronchitis or emphysema because both cars obstructive breathing

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3
Q

Cause of c o p d

A

Smoking

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4
Q

Symptoms of COP D

A

A cough breathlessness frequent infections

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5
Q

Treatment for COP D

A

Stop smoking, steroids ,antibiotics, oxygen

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6
Q

Radiographic appearance of COP D

A

Course hyperextended lungs

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7
Q

What is a duplex

A

Double ureters it’s asymptomatic

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8
Q

What is a horse shoe kidney

A

Fused kidneys

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9
Q

What is a staghorn calculus

A

Large kidneystone, can’t be passed ,looks like staghorn

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10
Q

What is hydronephrosis

A

When a kidney is stretched and swollen due to build-up of urine because of an obstruction

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11
Q

Causes of hydronephrosis

A

Pregnancy, gynaecological cancers, renal stones, blockage, enlarged prostate gland

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12
Q

Types of ovarian cysts

A

Functional(part of menstrual cycle), pathological(benine or malignant)

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13
Q

What is testicular tortion

A

When the spinal cord twists and cuts off blood supply to the testicals

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14
Q

Clinical signs of testicular tortion

A

Pain, nausea, vommitimg

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15
Q

What is hydrocelrtestes

A

Serious fluid collection in the area surrounding testical

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16
Q

What is renal calci and cause

A

Kidney stones, dehydration

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17
Q

What is clinical presentation of renal calci

A

Blood in urine,
Renal colic
Pain urinating
Pale
Vommitimg
Fever

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18
Q

Sighns of acromegaly?

A

Pronounced brow, jaw protrusion, large hands feet noses lips ears, skin thickening, deep voice, tall height

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19
Q

What is the threat of a lymph tumour

A

Fragments may enter lymph capillary cells then enter and settle in a new node

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20
Q

What is a lymph infection

A

Infected material enters lymph vessels from infected tissue phagocytes are not effective and spreads from node to node and back to the bloodstream

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21
Q

What is lymphodemitis

A

Infection of the lymph nodes, nodes become inflamed and in large attracting lots of phagocytes, if immune response fails then the infection can cause abceses and spread further

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22
Q

What are the functions of the lymph system

A

Tissue drainage
Absorption of fats
Immunity

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23
Q

What is the clinical presentation of meningitis

A

First:
Mild fever
Clumsiness
Headache
Stiff neak
Loss of apitite
Drowsiness
Irritability
Vomiting
Light sensitivity
Confusion
Second:
Unresponsive
Coma
Muscle weakness
Sever headache
Seizures
Changes in mental functions
Paralysis
Unconiousness
All the first ones but more severe

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24
Q

What are preprocedure contrast considerations

A

Previous reaction to iv contrast poor renal function
diabetes
Heart problems
Asthma
Hay-fever
Thyroid disease
Glaucoma

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25
Q

What does the lymphatic system contain

A

Lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, tissue fluid, phagocytes, lymphoid tissue, bone marrow,lymph organs

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26
Q

What is lymphodema

A

Swelling of soft tissue with tissue fluid

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27
Q

Why may there be lymphatic obstruction

A

Tumours, surgery to remove nodes, trauma

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28
Q

What are benine fibroadenomas

A

Lumps of fibourous glandular tissue, highly mobile, clear defined edges, palpable mass, surrounding tissue displaced, round margins
Calcification is bilateral, numerous and widely scatterd

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29
Q

Bladder carcinoma risk factors

A

Exposure to substances such as in smoking, dyes and solvents

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30
Q

What is a urethral stricture

A

Scarring that narrows urethra

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31
Q

What is urethral fistula and risk factors for it

A

Serious complication from pelvic disease or surgery,

Endometriosis, IBS

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32
Q

Stroke causes

A

Atherosclerosis
Thrombosis
Embolism
Cerebral hemorrhage
(Tissue damage and trauma)

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33
Q

Stroke treatment

A

Anticoagulant therepy
Occupational and physiotherapy
Rehabilitation

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34
Q

What is acoustic neuroma

A

Benine tumour of the ear

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35
Q

Symptoms of acoustic neuroma

A

Unisided hearing loss, vertigo, headache , double vision, numbness, hoarse voice

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36
Q

Types of hearing imparirment

A

Conductive, sensorineural

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37
Q

What is sinusitis

A

Spread of microbes from the nose and pharynx to mucus membrane lining of sinuses

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38
Q

Symptoms of sinusitis

A

Facial pain, headache

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39
Q

ICH clinical presentation

A

Loss conuousness, headache focal neurological defects, nausea, vomiting, seizures

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40
Q

ICH causes

A

AVM
Hypertension
Head trauma

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41
Q

What can trigger seizures

A

Stress
Lack sleep
Alcohol
Drugs
Fevers
Flashing lights
Periods

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42
Q

Mediolateral oblique boob quadrents

A

Right upper left upper

Right lower left lower

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43
Q

Craniocaudial boob quadrents

A

Right outer left outer

Right inner left inner

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44
Q

What are clinical indications of gallbladder pathologies

A

Weight loss, pain, gallstones,jaundice, tumours

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45
Q

What is Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gall bladder usually caused by gallstones, very painful

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46
Q

Treatment of cholecystitis

A

Pain relief, fluids, antibiotics, gall bladder removed

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47
Q

What are the 2 main substances involved in gallstone formation

A

Cholesterol (yellow)and calcium bilirubinate (brown/black)

48
Q

When are gall stones formed

A

They are found when substances within The bile have reached the upper limit of solubility and mix with sludge to form stones, may contain calcium and therfore be radiopaque.

49
Q

Signs and symptoms of gallstones

A

Right upper quadrent pain, intense pain behind right shoulder, vomiting, jaundice,

50
Q

Complications of gallstones

A

The stone may block the duct at the ampulla of Vater, the bile may back up into the liver and become infected, sever pain and inflammation, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, stones can pass into the duodenum and cause a bowl obstruction

51
Q

Jaundice causes

A

By failure of excretion of bilirubin via the bilary system, gall stones, cancer,

52
Q

Treatment of gallstones

A

Keyhole surgery, monitoring and pain relief, balanced diet, medicine to dissolve stones

53
Q

What is pancreatitis

A

Information of the pancreas caused by activation of pancreatic enzymes in the pancreas as opposed to the duodenum

54
Q

What is the aetiology of pancreatis

A

Alcohol abuse, trauma to the pancreas, blockage of the pancreatic duct, blockage of the common bile duct(gallstones), auto immune response, high fat levels in the blood

55
Q

Chronic pancreatits cause

A

Slow onset, gradual destruction of the pancreas caused by alcoholism(jasmine)

56
Q

What is cirrhosis

A

Scarring of the liver, reduces liver function,

57
Q

Risk factors for liver carcinoma

A

Hepatitis, cirrhosis, male

58
Q

Liver carcinoma patient presentation

A

Abdominal mass, pain, jaundice

59
Q

What is hepatitus

A

Inflammation of the liver reducing liver function caused by viruses or drug and alcohol abuse

60
Q

Symptoms of hepatitus

A

Loss apatite, nausea, vomiting, pale stools, dark urine, pain

61
Q

What is aetiology

A

Cause

62
Q

What is the cause of colorectal carcinoma

A

Refined diet, smoking, hereditary factors

63
Q

What is a volvus

A

Loop of bowel twisted, coffee bean sighn

64
Q

Complications of a volvus

A

Intestinal obstruction, ischaemia, gangrene, necrosis, perforation, peritonitis

65
Q

What is a diverticulum

A

A small pouch in a colon that bulges outwards due to weakness

66
Q

Complications of diverticular disease

A

Can bleed and cause pain
Can become inflamed
Can become infected
Fistulas Can form
Strictures

67
Q

Causes of a small bowel obstruction

A

Mechanical or functional obstruction

Adhesions from surgery
Hernia
Swalled object
Neoplasm

68
Q

Complications of small bowel obstruction

A

Medical emergency
Perforation and peritonitis
Abscess formation
Necrosis
Death

69
Q

What is paralytic ilius

A

Paralysis of bowel
Bowel goes to sleep
After major surgery

70
Q

Risk factors for small bowel carcinoma

A

Diet, fatty food, red meat, smoked food, smoking, alcohol consumption, ulcer, previous colon cancer

71
Q

What is crohns disease

A

Inflammatory bowel disease ,
Lineing of bowel wall is inflamed and can be ulcerated

72
Q

Crohns disease symptoms

A

Weight loss, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, fatigue

73
Q

Upper GI symptoms

A

Dysphagia
Pain
Vomiting
Heartburn
Indigestion
Regurgitation
Cough
Belching

74
Q

Causes of upper GI problems

A

Smoking
Alcohol consumption
Stroke
MnD
Ageing process
Trauma
Stress
Congential

75
Q

What does prolapsed intervertebral disc cause

A

Spinal cord or nerve route compression

76
Q

What to look for in spinal pathology images

A

Intevertable disk bulging

77
Q

Symptoms of PID

A

Paralysis unilateral or bilateral, pain acute or chronic, local muscle spasms, necrosis of the cord,

78
Q

What is degenerative disc disease

A

Disc degenerates and loses water and becomes less spongy and and cannot act as a shock absorber

79
Q

Symptoms of DDD

A

Lower back pain

80
Q

What is spinal stenosis

A

Narrowing of the spinal canal resulting in compression of the spinal cord

81
Q

What I’d acalasia

A

The inability of sphincter at the distal end of oesophagus to relax and open causing regurgitation of food and chest pain

82
Q

Treatment for acalasia

A

Dilation or botox

83
Q

Symptoms and risk factors of oseophageal carcinoma

A

Burning pain in throat
Food sticking in oesophagus
Weight loss

High bmi
Smoking
Alcohol

84
Q

Hiatus hernia what is

A

Protrusion of part of the stomach through the oesophageal opening in the diaphram

85
Q

Risk factors for hiatus hernia

A

Obesity
Exercise
Genetics
Smoking
Pregnancy

86
Q

What is gastric polyps

A

Abnormal growth of cells in epithelial lineing of stomach

87
Q

What is a peptic ulcer

A

A break or lining in the stomach much like a mouth ulcer

88
Q

Complications of a peptic ulcer

A

Haemorrhage
Perforation
Pyloric stenosis
Development of malignant tumor

89
Q

What are oesophageal varicies

A

Dilated blood vessels that develop as a complication of portal hypertension usually in the setting of cirrhosis

90
Q

Symptoms of oesophageal varicies

A

Vomiting blood
Light headedness
LOC
black or bloody stools

91
Q

What is a syrinx

A

A fluid filled cavity that develops in the spinal cord

92
Q

Risk factors for spinal infections

A

Immunosuppression
Age
Spinal surgery
Intravenous drug use
Diabetes

93
Q

What is multiple sclerosis

A

Neurological autoimmune condition with wide range of symptoms

94
Q

Patient care during a ct colonography

A

Patient changed into radiolucent gown, LMp, cheak laxative has been taken and workd, toilet, infection control ,iv cannulation

95
Q

Aftercare for ct colonography

A

Wait in department for 20minuets, return to normal eating and drinking, drink plenty of fluids, warn for possible cramps, warn of bluring of vision, if severe pain seek medical help

96
Q

Advantages of MR colonography

A

No ionising radiation, less invasive, good for young patients, diagnosis not limited to bowel, sensitive for Abnormality detection, not as readily available

97
Q

What looks at veins

A

Arteriography

98
Q

What is a fecal occult blood test

A

Tests for blood in stools, occult=can’t see it

99
Q

Small bowel contraindications

A

Suspected Perforation
Complete obstruction

100
Q

Types of stroke

A

Ischemic stroke (80%), plaque or clot blocks blood flow to part of the brain

Haemorrhagic stroke, balloon type aneurism happens in a blood vessle and can then burst

101
Q

What is cerebrovascular disease

A

Any process caused by an Abnormality to the blood vessels or supply to the brain

102
Q

What are nasal polps

A

Abnormal tissue growths inside nasal passages and sinuses caused by inflammation

103
Q

Risk factors for nasopharangeal carcinoma

A

Infection, smoking, diet, genetics, existing conditions, occupational exposure to chemicals, alcohol

104
Q

Multiple sclerosis symptoms

A

Temporary loss of vision, double vision, unsteadiness, dizzyness

105
Q

Huntington disease symptoms

A

Spasmodic movements, speech difficulties, psychological disorders

106
Q

Parkinsons disease symptoms

A

Slowness of movement, muscle rigidity, tremors, speech difficulty

107
Q

Senile dementia symptoms

A

Lowering intelligence, lower functions, lowering ability of reason, poor eyesight, poor hearing

108
Q

What are neoplasms and symptoms and risk factors

A

Renal cell carcinoma,

Fever, weightloss, hypertension,night sweats, hypercalcemia

Male smoking, age, obesity, hypertension

109
Q

What is pulmonary embolism

A

Blockage in pulmonary arterial system , associated with dvp

110
Q

Risk factors and treatments for pulmonary embolism

A

Older than 50, genetics, clots, pregnancy,

Blood thinners(warfarins)

111
Q

Pneumothorax types

A

Spontaneous- copd, cyctic fibrosis, lung cancer, oesophageal rupture, lung absess

Tention-

112
Q

What is lobular collapse and causes

A

Proximal occlusion of broncus, bronceogenic cancer, asthma, inhaled foreign body, ED tube inserted too far

113
Q

What is pneumonia and appearance on xray

A

Inflammatory condition caused by infection, appears particularly white and can see air broncheograms

114
Q

What is BPH

A

Benine protate enlargement

115
Q

What are brain metastases

A

Secondary tumour spread from another organ to the brain,
Solitary or multiple leisons

116
Q

Most common sites from brain metastases to spread

A

Lung, breast, testicular, kidney, bladder, certain sarcomas and melanoma

117
Q

Brain tumour symptoms

A

Seizures, gradual neurological deficiency, difficulty thinking, slow comprehension, weakness, vision problems, headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, personality changes

Hannahs Class (2 decks)

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