AP110 Chp 23 Male and Female Reproductive systems Flashcards
Reproduction
Asexual
- One-celled organisms (bacteria, protozoa)
- Divide themselves
Sexual
- Males and Females
- Specialized sex cells (germ cells or gametes)
- Male are spermatozoa (sperm cells)
- Female are ova (egg cells)
Male reproductive system
2 groups of organs
- Primary (Gonads)
- Accessory (Ducts and exocrine glands)
Testes
-Located outside the body in the scrotum
Internal structure
-Specialized tissue in testes
-Seminiferous tubules
-Sustentacular cell (nurse cells born with)
-Interstitial cells (produce testosterone)
LH tells Interstitial cells to release testosterone
Hypothalamus tells pituitary to release FSH to tell primitive cells to develop sperm
Spermatozoa
Individual cells manufactured in seminiferous tubules
Head (Nucleus, Acrosome)
Midpiece (Lots of Mitochondria)
Tail (Flagellum)
Male accessory organs
- System of ducts that transport spermatozoa
- Tubules
- Epididymis
- Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
- Seminal vesicle
- Ejaculatory duct
Semen
Mixture of sperm and secretions from various organs.
-Seminal vesicles (fructose for nourishment)
-Prostate gland (secretions neutralize vaginal acidity)
-Bulbourethral glands “Cowper glands” (mucus to lubricate urethra and tip of penis)
Glands and secretions prevent infection with antibacterial enzymes and antibodies.
Urethra and Penis
- Corpus spongiosum
- Corpus cavernosum
- Glans penis
- Prepuce (foreskin)
Ejaculation
- Reflex centers in spinal cord initiate process
- Smooth muscle contraction in prostate
- Skeletal muscle contraction in pelvic floor
- Forceful expulsion of semen through urethra to outside
Hormonal control of male reproduction
-Anterior pituitary produces hormones that control testes
-Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
(Promotes spermatozoa formation)
-Luteinizing hormone (LH)
(Stimulates testosterone development, Aids sperm cell development)
Female reproductive system
- Ovaries (female gonads) located in pelvic abdomen, held by ligaments, attached to uterus and body wall
- Uterus
- Passageways (Oviduct, fallopian or uterine tubes)
- External genital organs
Ova and ovulation
1st day of period is 1st day of 28 day cycle, FSH tells ovary to develop ovum, on day 14 estrogen from ovum is so high it signals pituitary to LH that tells ovary to ovulate ovum to fallopian tube.
- Corpus lutem (formed remains of follicle after ovum expelled)
- Secretes estrogen and progesterone
Female accessory organs
- Uterine tubes (ovary to uterus, fimbriae sweep ova into oviduct, cilia lining tube and peristalsis move ova)
- Uterus
- Vagina
- Greater vestibular glands
- Vulva and perineum
Uterus
Organ fetus develops to maturity
- Corpus (body)
- Cervix (Neck)
- Fondus (top of corpus)
- Myometruim (muscular wall)
- Endometrium (lining of uterus)
Vagina
- Distal part of birth canal, opens to outside of body
- Fornix (Posterior fornix)
- Cul-de-sac (rectouterine pouch of pouch of Douglas)
- Hymen
- Greater vestibular (Bartholin) glands
Vulva and perineum
- External parts of female reproductive system
- Vulva (Labia majus, labia minus)
- Clitoris
- Mons pubis
- Urethral orifice
- Hymen
- Vaginal orifice
- Obstertical perineum
Birth control
Oral contraceptives work in 3 ways
- Suppress ovulation
- Thin out inner lining of endometrium
- Thicken the cervical mucous
Benefits of OC’s
- Pain relief
- Reduce blood loss
- Decrease cancer risk, (cervical, ovarian)
- Manage acne
- Convience
OC risks
- Bloating
- Fluid retention
- Mood swings
- Nausea
- Increased blood clotting, 3 fold
- Risk of breast cancer
- Increase of bad cholesterol
- Decrease of bone density, increase risk of osteoporosis
- Considered abortion fascicle
- 3% failure rate
