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AP1 > AP1 Exam 1 > Flashcards

AP1 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

Study of body structures and their relationships

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

Study of body functions

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3
Q

What is embryology?

A

First 8 weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg

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4
Q

Levels of organization

A

Chemical

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

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5
Q

Characteristics of Living Things

A

Differentiation

Growth

Metabolism

Movement

Reproduction

Responsiveness

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6
Q

Metabolism is the ____ of all the _____ processes that occur in the body.

A

sum

chemical

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7
Q

What are the two primary control systems the body uses to maintain homeostasis?

A

Nervous system

Endocrine system

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8
Q

Disorder

A

Any abnormality of structure or function

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9
Q

Disease

A

A more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

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10
Q

Mucous membrane aka mucosa lines a body cavities that open to the

A

outside

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11
Q

Serous membranes

A

line cavities that do NOT open directly to the outside.

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12
Q

Pleurisy and peritonitis are usually accompanied by _________

A

insufficient production of lubricating fluid.

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13
Q

Retroperitoneal organs and structures

A

kidneys

adrenal glands

pancreas

duodenum of the small intestine

ascending and descending colons of the large intestine

portions of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava

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14
Q

The duodenum is in which quadrant?

A

RUQ

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15
Q

The pylorus of the stomach is in which quadrant?

A

RUQ

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16
Q

Regarding quadrants, the head of the pancreas is in the ____ and the body and tail is in the _____?

A

head is in the RUQ

body and tail in the LUQ

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17
Q

T/F

The small intestine lies in all four quadrants?

A

True

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18
Q

In which quadrants do the kidneys lie?

A

RUQ and LUQ

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19
Q

-lemma means

A

Sheath (e.g. plasmalemma)

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20
Q

The lipid bi-layer consists of which three components?

A

Phospholipids

Glycolipids

Cholesterol

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21
Q

Define amphipathic

A

Contain both polar and non-polar parts

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22
Q

Glycoproteins

A

membrane proteins with a carb. group

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23
Q

Glycolipids

A

membrane lipids with a carb. group

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24
Q

Purpose of cholesterol in the lipid bilayer?

A

Mediates membrane fluidity

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25
Q

Membrane proteins are classified as either ____ or ____ proteins

A

integral

peripheral

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26
Q

What is the glycocalyx? What is is made of?

A

The “sugary coating” surrounding the cell membrane

The carb. portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins

*Only located on the outer portion of the cell membrane

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27
Q

What are the functions of the glycocalyx?

A

Acts as a cellular “signature” for identification

Cell adhesion

Can attract a film to make the cell “slippery” (RBCs)

Protections from enzymatic activity in the ECF

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28
Q

A continuous change in a cells glycocalyx; think _____

A

Cancer

a continuous change in “identity” may help the cell avoid the immune system

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29
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

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30
Q

What factors affect diffusion?

A

amount of substance

steepness of concentration gradient

temperature

surface area

diffusion distance

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31
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of solvent (water) across/through a semipermeable membrane

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32
Q

During secondary active transport, symporters carry two substances across the cell membrane in the ______ direction; antiporters carry two substances in the _____direction.

A

same

opposite

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33
Q

Vesicular transport is considered a form of _____ transport because _____ is required.

A

active

energy

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34
Q

Most body cells carry out bulk-phase endocytosis, also called ______, a form of endocytosis in which tiny droplets of extracellular fluid are takenup.

A

pinocytosis (pi-no–sī-TO - -sis; pino- = to drink) or “cell drinking,”

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35
Q

Pino-

A

to drink; pinocytosis

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36
Q

Explain transcytosis (3 “steps”)

A

endocytosis on one side

moves through the cell

exocytosis on the opposite side

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37
Q

The cytoskeleton is comprised of what 3 things?

A

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

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38
Q

Chromatin represents the ______, ______ ______ of the interphase nucleus.

A

relaxed, uncoiled chromosomes

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39
Q

The nuclear membrane is ______ membraned

A

double

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40
Q

Where are both ribosomal subunits produced?

A

in the nucleolus

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41
Q

Ribosomes are stored where?

A

In the cytosol as free ribosomes

fixed ribosomes (RER or nuclear membrane)

in the mitochondria

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42
Q

Ribosomes reside, ______, in the cytoplasm until needed.

A

disassembled

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43
Q

Ribosomes are comprised of a ______ unit and a ______ unit (2 units overall)

A

large unit- joins the AAs to form polypeptide chains

small unit- initiates translation, recruits the large unit, and reads the mRNA

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44
Q

The RER is more ______ whereas the SER is more a network of ______.

A

linear

tubules

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45
Q

Golgi complex

A

a stack of 3-20 flattened, membrane enclosed sacs called “cisternae”

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46
Q

Mitochondria

A

cells powerplant

self replicating

have their own DNA

have their own ribosomes

used to establish hereditary from the mother only

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47
Q

Lysosome

A

vesicles that form from golgi body and contain powerful digestive enzymes

carry out autophagy (digestion of worn out organelles)

carry out autolysis (digestion of the entire cell)

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48
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Detoxify several toxic substances such as alcohol

also break down H2O2 (byproduct of oxidation)

self replicating (by enlarging and dividing) but dont contain their own DNA

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49
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Detoxify several toxic substances such as alcohol (abundant in the liver)

also break down H2O2 (byproduct of oxidation)

self replicating (by enlarging and dividing) but dont contain their own DNA

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50
Q

Proteasomes

A

continuously destroy unneeded, damaged, faulty proteins

Found in the cytosol and nucleus

*parkinsons, alzheimers; may arise from dysfunctional proteasomes>>collection of faulty proteins

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51
Q

Centrosome

A

located near the nucleus in paired, perpendicular cylinders

assembly of microtubules (aka microtubule organizing center)

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52
Q

Cilia move ______ along a cell surface.

A

fluid

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53
Q

Flagella move an entire cell; only found on the ______ cell in humans.

A

sperm

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54
Q

Inclusions

A

non living components within cells

not membrane bound

examples include: glycogen, lipids, pigments, crystals

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55
Q

Epidemiology

A

the science that deals with the why when where a disease occurs and how they are transmitted in a human community

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56
Q

Metaplasia

A

the transformation of one cell type into another

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57
Q

Progeny

A

offspring or descendants

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58
Q

Proteomics

A

the study of proteome (all of an organisms proteins)

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59
Q

Chromosome

A

SINGLE double stranded DNA molecule
carrier of genetic info

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60
Q

Autosome

A

an ordinary chromosome
one that does not determine sex

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61
Q

Locus

A

the position of a gene on its chromosome

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62
Q

Telomere

A

DNA sequences at the tips of chromosomes

protect the tips from erosion

prevent chromosomes from sticking to each other

*telomeres of most body cells shorten with each cycle of cell division

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63
Q

Gametic number

A

the number of chromosomes in gametes
denoted by the letter “n”

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64
Q

Somatic number

A

the number of chromosomes in ordinary body cells

denoted by 2n (twice the gametic number)

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65
Q

The cell cycle consists of which two phases

A

interphase

mitotic phase

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66
Q

Interphase

A

three phases: G1, S, and G2 phases

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67
Q

In the cell cycle, DNA replication occurs during which phase of interphase?

A

S phase

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68
Q

Replications of DNA and centrosomes occurs during ______ phase.

A

S phase of interphase

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69
Q

Mitotic phase consists of which stages

A

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

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70
Q

Prophase

A

chromatin fibers change into chromosomes

nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear

centrosomes migrate to poles

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71
Q

Metaphase

A

Centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at metaphase plate

72
Q

Anaphase

A

chromatid pairs split at the centromere and move to opposite poles of the cell

chromatids are now called chromosomes

73
Q

Telophase

A

nucleolus and nuclear membrane reappear

chromosomes now in their chromatin form

mitotic spindle disappears

74
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division of the cells cytoplasm

usually begins in late anaphase

the plasma membrane constricts at its middle forming a cleavage furrow

75
Q

Interphase begins when ______ is complete

A

cytokinesis

76
Q

Crossing over occurs when

A

Prophase 1

77
Q

Meiosis 1 is a ______ ______

A

reductive division

similar to mitosis except chromosomes form tetrads when lining at metaphase plate

78
Q

Allele

A

alternative forms of a gene

code for the same trait (e.g. eye color)

located on the same location on the homologous chromosome

79
Q

Genotype vs. Phenotype

A

the genetic makeup
vs.
the genetic expression

80
Q

Regarding ABO typing, the naturally occurring antibody production is stimulated by ______?

A

Environmental factors

*this is not the case for the Rh or D antibody

81
Q

Forward typing (blood)

A

mixing A, B, D antibodies to look for agglutination

*what we do

82
Q

Achondroplasia

A

a bone grown disorder responsible for dwarfism

*disproportional body parts

*other proportional shortness is likely associated with a hormonal or nutritional disorder

83
Q

Aneuploidy

A

when an individual is born with added or missing chromosomes

84
Q

Trisomy

A

an additional chromosome

*trisomy 21- downs syndrome

85
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Hemolytic death of the newborn

86
Q

Which is the only class of antibody to cross the placental barrier?

A

IgG

87
Q

Spermatogenesis produces sperm containing either an ______ or a ______

A

X chromosome

Y chromosome

88
Q

Oocytes only produce ______.

A

X chromosomes

89
Q

Sex linkage is synonymous with ______ linkage because why?

A

X linkage

there are not many genes on the Y chromosome

90
Q

Characteristic feature of X linked inheritance is what?

A

absence of father to son inheritance

*all daughters of an affected male are obligate carriers

91
Q

Nondisjunction

A

the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during mitosis

92
Q

Karyotype; 47, XX, 21

A

female with trisomy 21

93
Q

______ during pregnancy increases the risk for downs syndrome.

A

Increased age

*amongst other genetic abnormalities

94
Q

What is the most common human sex chromosome disorder?

A

Klinefelters syndrom

Karyotype; 47, XXY

95
Q

What are the 5 types of cell junctions?

A

Tight

Adherens

Desmosomes

Hemidesmosomes

Gap

96
Q

Tight Junction

A

consist of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins

fuse together outer surfaces of adjacent cells

seal off passageways

location: places where you don’t want things to leak out (e.g. bladder)

97
Q

Name this junction

A

Tight Junction

98
Q

Adherens junction

A

contain plaque: dense layer of proteins on the inside of the cell membrane that attaches to both membrane proteins and microfilaments

cadherins: transmembrane proteins that join cells; inserts into the plaque from the opposite side of the plasma membrane and reaches across the intercellular space to attach to other cadherins

help resist separation during contractile activities such when food moves through intestines

99
Q

Name this junction

A

Adherens Junction

100
Q

Gap Junction

A

membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid filled tunnels called connexons

connect to neighboring cells and allow passage of certain things from one cell to another

cells connected by gap junctions are not fused together tightly but have a very slight intercellular gap

heart cells, avascular tissue such as lens and cornea

101
Q

Name this junction

A

Gap Junction

102
Q

What does desmo- mean?

A

band (desmosome)

103
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Half a desmosome however:

integrins rather than cadherins

DONT attach cells to cells

attach cells to basement membranes

104
Q

Name this junction

A

Hemidesmosome

105
Q

Desmosomes

A

Similar to adherens junctions except:

cadherins attach to intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton

these intermediate filaments extend across the cell to desmosomes on the other side

prevent cells from separating under tension such as cardiac muscle contraction

106
Q

Name this junction

A

Desmosome

107
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissue?

A

epithelial

connective

nervous

muscle

108
Q

Basement membrane

A

found between epithelial and connective tissue

consists of basal lamina (epithelial side) and reticular lamina (connective side)

109
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

Absorption

Excretion

Filtration

Protection

Secretion

110
Q

Epithelial shape similar to “paving stone”

A

Squamous

111
Q

How is epithelial tissue named if different shape are present in the layers?

A

by the apical layer (outer most layer)

112
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium is often found where?

A

lining the tubules of the kidneys

glands

*single layer

113
Q

Goblet cells secret ______ and are what shape and arrangement?

A

mucous

simple columnar cells

114
Q

Pseudostratified cells

A

all attach to the basement membrane but not all the cells extend to the apical surface

115
Q

Keratinized vs. Nonkeratinized

A

Keratinized stratified squamous cells do NOT contain nuclei

116
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is located where?

A

ducts of sweat glands

esophageal glands

117
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

change shape depending on the tissues state of stretch

the apical “dome cells” (appear rounded) are an identifiable feature when relaxed

118
Q

Where is mesothelium found?

A

serous membranes (pericardium, pleura, peritoneum)

119
Q

Endothelium is specialized simple squamous epithelium that lines _______.

A

the entire circulatory system

120
Q

Exocrine glands typically have _____.

A

Ducts

121
Q

Endocrine glands secrete into the ______ space. The secretions then ______ to the blood stream.

A

extracellular

diffuse

122
Q

Endocrine glands do not contain ______.

A

Ducts

123
Q

What are the three types of exocrine glands?

A

Apocrine

Holocrine

Merocrine

124
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

most common type

gland releases its secretion by exocytosis

*salivation

125
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

glands bud their sections off of the plasma membrane

*breast milk production

126
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

the entire cell lyses, releasing its secretions

*sebum

127
Q

Connective tissue

A

few cells

extracellular matrix

128
Q

What is the extracellular matrix of connective tissue made of?

A

ground substance (think jello in a jello mold)

protein fibers

usually produced by blast cells

129
Q

Connective tissue cells arise from ______.

A

mesenchymal cells (embryonic connective tissue aka stem cells)

130
Q

Regarding connective tissue, mature cells have a reduced or absent capacity for ______ and ______.

A

cell division

matrix production

131
Q

Connective tissue picture for familiarity

A
132
Q

What is the most common cell in the connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

migrate throughout the connective tissue and secrete fibers and ground substance

133
Q

How do macrophages move?

A

they use filopodia: short branch projections that contain actin

134
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Liver

135
Q

Langerhans cells

A

skin and lymph nodes

136
Q

Osteoclasts are considered ______ and are located where.

A

macrophages

in the bone

137
Q

Dust cell

A

lungs

aka alveolar machrophage

138
Q

Monocytes

A

“blood macrophages”

*become macrophages when they migrate into surrounding tissues; also enlarge

139
Q

Microglia

A

CNS

140
Q

Macrophages migrate to areas of need, responding to ______.

A

leukocytes

141
Q

Plasma cells

A

found mostly in connective tissue especially the GI and Resp. tracts

develop from B lymphocytes

secret antibodies

accumulate in infected tissue

142
Q

3 types of loose connective tissue

A

areolar

adipose

reticular

143
Q

Loose connective tissue characterized by ______

A

loosely woven collagen fibers

144
Q

Areolar CT

A

forms the subcutaneous layer attaching the skin to underlying tissues

145
Q

Adipose CT

A

well vascularized

usually collocated with areolar

adipocytes (signant ring shaped) produced from fibroblasts

*other common sense functions

146
Q

Reticular CT

A

form stroma of liver, spleen, liver

fine interlacing reticular fibers

filtering

147
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

dense regular AND dense irregular AND elastic

fibers are thicker and more densely packed

148
Q

Dense regular CT

A

fibers regularly arranged in parallel patterns

tensile strength along an axis

tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments

149
Q

Dense irregular CT

A

fibers are abundant but not arranged in symmetrical or parallel fashion

pulling forces exerted in various directions: heart valves, nerve sheaths, periosteum, dermis

150
Q

Mucous membranes

A

open to exterior

goblet cells

cells connected by tight junctions

underlying lamina propria (areolar)

151
Q

Serous membranes consist of areolar CT covered by ______.

A

mesothelium (simple squamous)

152
Q

Synovial membranes

A

similar to serous membranes BUT they do not have an epithelial layer

line the cavities of freely moveable joints

153
Q

Synovial membranes are composed of:

A

synoviocytes (secrete synovial fluid)

underlying layer of areolar and adipose CT

*NO epithelial layer

154
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

connective tissue disorder

autosomal dominant trait

fibrillin gene is defective, results in abnormally developed elastic fibers]

affects periosteum, suspensory ligaments and walls of large arteries

affected individuals tend to be tall and have disproportionately long arms, legs, fingers, and toes

155
Q

Define xeno-

A

strange

156
Q

Xenotransplantation

A

replacement of diseased or injured tissue or organ with cells or tissues from an animal

157
Q

The most prevalent disorders of connective tissues are ______.

A

autoimmune diseases

*connective tissues are located everywhere

*disorders of epithelial tissue are mainly specific to individual organs

158
Q

Adventitia

A

loose connective tissue located around blood vessels

159
Q

Mucous connective tissue

A

type of embryonic connective tissue

aka Wharton’s jelly of the umbilical cord

high turgor: resists compression

160
Q

Two types of embryonic connective tissue

A

mesenchyme

mucous connective tissue

161
Q

Mesenchyme forms ______.

A

almost all other types of connective tissue

pluripotent stem cells

162
Q

Reticular fibers

A

fine bundles of collagen coated with glycoprotein

much thinner than collagen and form a branching network

163
Q

T/F

Columnar epithelium is common in the digestive tract?

A

True

164
Q

Elastic fibers

A

made of elastin and fibrillin

located in areas where elasticity is needed

165
Q

Collagen fibers

A

most abundant protein in the body

inelastic but flexible and incredibly strong

166
Q

Three types of connective tissue fibers

A

collagen

elastic

reticular

167
Q

Mast cells can be ______.

A

phagocytic

168
Q

Mast cell primary mediators

A

stored in granules for immediate use

examples include histamine, heparin, chemotactic factors

169
Q

Mast cell secondary mediators

A

can be synthesized on the spot and used immediately

examples include cytokines, thromboxanes, prostaglandins

170
Q

Classification of connective tissue (CT)

A
171
Q

Picture of a cell

A
172
Q

Dorsal body cavity broken down into:

A

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

173
Q

Thoracic cavity broken down into:

A

Pleural cavity

Mediastinum

Pericardial cavity

174
Q

Site of protein synthesis in a cell:

A

Ribosomes

Small unit and large unit

175
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant tumors that arise from epithelial cells

176
Q

Elastic tissue has a ______ color due to the high number of elastic fibers.

A

Yellowish

AP1 (3 decks)

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