AP world

Question 1

Neo-Confucianism

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Answer 1

Neo-Confucianism may be understood as a revival of Confucian teachings during the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty and a subsequent synthesis of Confucianism with aspects of Buddhism and Taoism. It reached the height of its cultural significance during the Northern Song Dynasty.

Question 2

Catholic Church

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Answer 2

After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Roman Catholic Church became the most powerful institution in early medieval Europe. It was highly centralized, and therefore held a great deal of power over local rulers. The Catholic Church also mandated that services and prayers be performed only in Latin.

Question 3

Eastern Orthodox Church

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Answer 3

The third largest of the three main branches of Christianity; originally based in the Byzantine Empire; found most often in Russia, Eastern Europe, the Balkans, and parts of Central Asia.

Question 4

Shi’a

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Answer 4

The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Question 5

Sunni

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Answer 5

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Question 6

Chinampa

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Answer 6

chinampa, small, stationary, artificial island built on a freshwater lake for agricultural purposes. Chinampan was the ancient name for the southwestern region of the Valley of Mexico, the region of Xochimilco, and it was there that the technique was—and is still—most widely used.

Question 7

Mit’a

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Answer 7

Mit’a was effectively a form of tribute to the Inca government in the form of labor, i.e. a corvée. Tax labor accounted for much of the Inca state tax revenue; beyond that, it was used for the construction of the road network, bridges, agricultural terraces, and fortifications in ancient Peru.

Question 8

Mandate of Heaven

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Answer 8

The Mandate of Heaven is a Chinese political ideology that was used in ancient and imperial China to legitimize the rule of the King or Emperor of China. According to this doctrine, heaven bestows its mandate on a virtuous ruler. This ruler, the Son of Heaven, was the supreme universal monarch, who ruled Tianxia

Question 9

Grand Canal

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Answer 9

The Grand Canal is the longest and oldest canal in the world, and it stretches over 1,100 miles from Hangzhou in the south to Beijing in the north. The Grand Canal was built over the course of several centuries, beginning in the 5th century BC and continuing through the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Question 10

Champa rice

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Answer 10

Vietnam gave China champa rice , which was drought-resistant and early-ripening. It was the perfect rice to grow, since it produced more of the crop, in a much faster amount of time. China quickly adopted it, and champa rice became a staple of the Chinese diet.Jan

Question 11

Al-Andalus

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Answer 11

Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula. The term is used by modern historians for the former Islamic states in modern Spain, Portugal, and France. The name describes the different Muslim states that controlled these territories at various times between 711 and 1492

Question 12

Astrolabe

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Answer 12

An astrolabe is an ancient instrument used for estimating the altitude and predicting the position of celestial objects, such as the moon, other planets, and stars.

Question 13

Trans-Saharan trade

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Answer 13

The Trans-Saharan trade routes played a significant role in the spread of Islam in Africa. The routes connected West Africa to the Islamic world, particularly the Middle East , and facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies between these regions.

Question 14

Feudalism

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Answer 14

The idea of European feudalism centered around the idea of a lord granting land to people who were less weaalthy than he was in exchange for their loyalty. For a lord to give a person a land grant, or a fief, he first had to make them a vassal, which was done at a commendation ceremony.

Question 15

Bills of exchange

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Answer 15

Bills of exchange were financial instruments used in international trade during the medieval and modern periods, and were often used in trade along the Silk Road . A bill of exchange was essentially an order to pay a certain sum of money to a specified person or entity at a specified time in the future.

Question 16

Crusades

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Answer 16

The Crusades were a series of Christian holy wars conducted against infidels—nonbelievers. The most significant crusade was a massive expedition led by the Roman Catholic Church to recapture Palestine, the land of Christian origins, from the Muslims.

Question 17

Ottomans

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Answer 17

Ottoman Empire (1299-1453) -Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. -After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul. -It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Question 18

Mongols

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Answer 18

The Mongols were nomadic people and formidable pastoralists who lived in the steppes of Central Asia , an area that stretches from present-day eastern Kazakhstan to western China.

Question 19

Genghis Khan

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Answer 19

Genghis Khan. The title of Temüjin when he ruled the mongols (1206-1227) it means “oceanic” or “universal leader” Genghis Khan was the founder of the mongol empire. Nomadism. A way of life, forced by scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures & water.

Question 20

Mansa Musa

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Answer 20

Mansa Musa was the wealthiest king in the history of the world, with his name literally meaning King Musa, since mansa was the word for king. He lived during the fourteenth century and ruled over the Kingdom of Mali. A devout Muslim, Mansa Musa traveled to Mecca, or went on his hajj, as a part of his religion.

Question 21

Swahili city-states

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Answer 21

Swahili city-states. Coastal dwellers built Swahili society. They engaged in trade along the east African coast. They spoke Swahili, a Bantu and Arabic language. Swahili city states included Kilwa, Mozambique, and Sofala.

Question 22

Melaka

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Answer 22

Also spelled Melaka. ( p. 387), Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka., a fortified tradetown located on the top of the Malayan peninsula, it is a center for trade.

Question 23

Bubonic plague

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Answer 23

The Bubonic Plague is a bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis, characterized by swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, and groin. In the fourteenth century, the Black Death swept across the world from China to Europe and killed up to 60% of Europe’s population.

Question 24

Ibn Battuta

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Answer 24

Ibn Battuta was a medieval Muslim traveler who wrote one of the world’s most famous travel logs, the Riḥlah. This work describes the people, places, and cultures he encountered in his journeys along some 75,000 miles (120,000 km) across and beyond the Islamic world.

Question 25

Marco Polo

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Answer 25

Marco Polo. Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

Question 26

Renaissance

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Answer 26

Renaissance (Europe) A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be “rebirth” of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-14th to mid-15th century, and a Northern (trans-Alpine) Renaissance, from roughly the early 15th to early 17th century.

Question 27

Christopher Columbus

( period 2 )

Answer 27

Christopher Columbus: Italian navigator who attempted to find a westward route to Asia under the sponsorship of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain; first European to discover the New World.

Question 28

Conquest of Constantinople

(period 2)

Answer 28

The fall of Constantinople, also known as the conquest of İstanbul, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. The city was captured on 29 May 1453 as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April

Question 29

Caravel

( period 2 )

Answer 29

The caravel is a small maneuverable sailing ship used in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean. The lateen sails gave it speed and the capacity for sailing windward.

Question 30

Lateen sail

( period 2 )

Answer 30

A lateen or latin-rig is a triangular sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle on the mast, and running in a fore-and-aft direction. The settee can be considered to be an associated type of the same overall category of sail.

Question 31

Fluyt

( period 2 )

Answer 31

Fluyt: Dutch-built cargo ship with comparatively light construction, usually unarmed; allowed for quick construction and smaller crew requirements, which facilitated the growth of Dutch maritime trade.Jan 13, 2022

Question 32

Joint-stock companies

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Answer 32

The most famous joint-stock companies in history were those founded in Europe for the purposes of conducting long-distance overseas trade. The English and Dutch East India Companies were far and away the most successful, growing to such heights as to even create their own informal empires in Asia.

Question 33

Columbian Exchange

( period 2 )

Answer 33

In 1492, Columbus brought the Eastern and Western Hemispheres back together. The resulting swap of Old and New World germs, animals, plants, peoples, and cultures has been called the “Columbian Exchange.”

Question 34

Mercantilism

( period 2 )

Answer 34

Mercantilism is a nationalist economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy. In other words, it seeks to maximize the accumulation of resources within the country and use those resources for one-sided trade.

Question 35

Sugar cultivation

( period 2 )

Answer 35

Indigenous to Southeast Asia, sugarcane was brought to the Caribbean by the Spanish early on. The demand for sugar in Europe grew, as it was a more convenient and potent sweetener than what was available to them. The Portuguese introduced the plantation system in Brazil to grow sugarcane.

Question 36

Gunpowder

( period 2 )

Answer 36

Gunpowder was invented in China in the ninth or tenth centuries, during the Song Dynasty, and was first introduced to Europe by the thirteenth century. Most historians believe that gunpowder was introduced to the Europeans by the forces of the Mongol empire at some point in the mid-thirteenth century.

Question 37

Mughal Empire

( period 2 )

Answer 37

The Mughals were a Muslim dynasty who ruled over a majority Hindu population. By 1750, they had dominated much of South Asia for several centuries. Muslims were already living in India when the Mughals first arrived. During Mughal rule, Muslims averaged only about 15 percent of the population.

Question 38

Songhai

( period 2 )

Answer 38

The Songhai Empire was a state located in the western part of the Sahel during the 15th and 16th centuries. At its peak, it was one of the largest African empires in history. The state is known by its historiographical name, derived from its largest ethnic group and ruling elite, the Songhai people.

Question 39

Creoles

( period 2 )

Answer 39

Creole peoples may refer to different ethnic groups around the world. The term has been used with various meanings, often conflicting or varying from region to region. Creole peoples vary widely in ethnic background and mixture and many have since developed distinct ethnic identities.

Question 40

Mestizos

( period 2 )

Answer 40

Mestizo is a person of mixed European and indigenous non-European ancestry in the former Spanish Empire. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also refer to people who are culturally European even though their ancestors are indigenous.

Question 41

Mulattos

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Answer 41

Mulatto is a racial classification to refer to people of mixed African and European ancestry. Its use is considered outdated and offensive in several languages, including English and Dutch, whereas in languages such as Italian, Spanish and Portuguese it is not, and can even be a source of pride.

Question 42

Manchu

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Answer 42

Manchu, people who lived for many centuries mainly in Manchuria (now Northeast) and adjacent areas of China and who in the 17th century conquered China and ruled for more than 250 years.

Question 43

Peter the Great

( period 2 )

Answer 43

Peter the Great was the czar, or monarch, of Russia from 1682 until he died in 1725. During his reign, he worked to modernize Russia and transform it into an empire that rivaled anything in Europe.

Question 44

Tokugawa shogunate

( period 2 )

Answer 44

The definition of the Tokugawa Shogunate is the military government that ruled over Japan from 1603 until 1868. A shogunate, or bakufu, refers to the rule by the shogun, the most powerful military general in Japan.

Question 45

Daimyo

( period 2 )

Answer 45

Feudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration.

Question 46

Triangular trade

( period 2 )

Answer 46

Mercantilism led to the emergence of what’s been called the “triangular trade”: a system of exchange in which Europe supplied Africa and the Americas with finished goods, the Americas supplied Europe and Africa with raw materials, and Africa supplied the Americas with enslaved laborers.

Question 47

Encomienda

( period 2 )

Answer 47

A system that relied on the forced labor of the native population in the Spanish colonial Empire. Explanation: The Encomienda System was used in the Spanish colonial empire in the Americas during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and early eighteenth centuries. The system is based on the forced labor of the native population …

Question 48

Haciendas

( period 2 )

Answer 48

A system where state owners directly employed natives, who had low wages, high taxes, and large debt to landowners.

Question 49

Printing press

( period 2 )

Answer 49

The printing press had a huge impact on societies around the world. Information could now be spread much more quickly. More copies of books, pamphlets, or posters would be printed, spreading ideas. As print media spread, reading became more accessible and affordable.

Question 50

Protestant Reformation

( period 2 )

Answer 50

Protestant Reformation: Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to “reform” a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenge …

Question 51

Peace of Westphalia

( period 2 )

Answer 51

The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. The treaties ended the Thirty Years’ War and the Eighty Years’ War. The Thirty Years’ War was a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648.

Question 52

Scientific Revolution

( period 2 )

Answer 52

The Scientific Revolution was a slow, gradual accumulation of new discoveries, different schools of thought, and changed approaches to the universe.

Question 53

Enlightenment

( period 3 )

Answer 53

The Age of Enlightenment or the Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was an intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe, especially Western Europe, in the 17th and 18th centuries, with global influences and effects.

Question 54

American Revolution

( period 3 )

Answer 54

The American Revolution—also called the U.S. War of Independence—was the insurrection fought between 1775 and 1783 through which 13 of Great Britain’s North American colonies threw off British rule to establish the sovereign United States of America, founded with the Declaration of Independence in 1776.

Question 55

French Revolution

( period 3 )

Answer 55

The French Revolution took place between 1789 and 1799, leading to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. The French Revolution was not a single event but a series of developments that unfolded between 1789 and 1799.

Question 56

Maroon

( period 3 )

Answer 56

Maroon refers to African people from various tribes who escaped from slavery and started their own communities out in the wilderness. Their descendants would also become known as Maroons, and their legacy would be one of resistance and rebellion that would set an example for others in similar situations.

Question 57

Haitian Revolution

( period 3 )

Answer 57

The Haitian Revolution was a successful insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign state of Haiti. The revolt began on 22 August 1791, and ended in 1804 with the former colony’s independence.

Question 58

Latin American independence movements

( period 3 )

Answer 58

Before the revolutions, these regions were ruled by European powers who divided up South and Latin America into different colonies. The independence movements in Latin America started with the Haitian Revolution in 1791 and continued until 1830 when most of Latin America achieved independence.

Question 59

Nationalism

( period 3 )

Answer 59

Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, it presupposes the existence of nations and tends to promote the interests of a particular

Question 60

Adam Smith

( period 3 )

Answer 60

Adam Smith FRSA FRS FRSE was a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the thinking of political economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment.

Question 61

Factory System

( period 3 )

Answer 61

The factory system is a method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor. Because of the high capital cost of machinery and factory buildings, factories are typically privately owned by wealthy individuals or corporations who employ the operative labor.

Question 62

Global division of labor

( period 3 )

Answer 62

The allocation of various parts of the production process to different places in the world. ‘The world economy is organized through horizontal and vertical linkages of an international division of labour, in which the modes of integration and geographical scopes vary over time

Question 63

First Industrial Revolution

( period 3 )

Answer 63

This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world. Although used earlier by French writers, the term Industrial Revolution was first popularized by the English economic historian Arnold Toynbee (1852–83) to describe Britain’s economic development from 1760 to 1840.

Question 64

Second Industrial Revolution

( period 3 )

Answer 64

The second Industrial Revolution is usually dated between 1870 and 1914, although a number of its char- acteristic events can be dated to the 1850s. It is, however, clear that the rapid rate of pathbreaking inventions (macroinventions) slowed down after 1825, and picked up steam again in the last third of the century.

Question 65

Railroads

( period 3 )

Answer 65

1. By 1850, the first railroads had proved so successful that every industrializing country began to build railroad lines. Railroad building in Britain, France, Germany, Canada, Russia, Japan, and the United States fueled a tremendous expansion in the world’s rail networks from 1850 to 1900.
2. In the nonindustrialized world, railroads were also built wherever they would be of value to business or to government.
3. Railroads consumed huge amounts of land and timber for ties and bridges. Throughout the world, railroads opened new land to agriculture, mining, and other human exploitation of natural resources.

Question 66

Liberalism

( period 3 )

Answer 66

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, right to private property and equality before the law.

Question 67

Socialism

( period 3 )

Answer 67

Socialism is a political philosophy and movement encompassing a wide range of economic and social systems which are characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.

Question 68

Communism

( period 3 )

Answer 68

Communism is a left-wing to far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered

Question 69

Emancipation of slaves

( period 3 )

Answer 69

The Emancipation Proclamation, officially Proclamation 95, was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War.

Question 70

Feminism

( period 3 )

Answer 70

Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes. Feminism holds the position that societies prioritize the male point of view and that women are treated unjustly in these societies.