AP Vocab Flashcards
Prototype
A preliminary sketch of an idea or model for something new
Innovation
a novel or improved idea, device, product or the development thereof
Binary question
a question to which there are only 2 possible answers
Binary message
a message that van be only 1 of 2 possible values
Bit
binary digit
the single unit of info in a computer
Bit rate
the number of bits that are sent per unit of time
Bandwidth
transmission capacity
measured by bitrate
Latency
time it takes for one bit to travel from a sender to a reciever
Protocol
set of rules governing the exchange or transmission of data between devices
Permutation
an ordered arrangement of objects
Number System
A collection of symbols and the rules for ordering them
ASCII
the universally recognized raw text format that any computer can understand
Code
write instructions for a computer
IETF
Develops and promotes voluntary internet standards and protocols
Specifically TCP/IP
Internet
a group of computer and servers that are connected to eachother
Net Neutrality
the principle that all internet traffic should be treated equally by all Internet Service Providers
Request for Comments
Documents that define standards and protocols and are published on the IETF website
IP Address
A number assigned to any device connected to the internet
Packets
small chunks of information carefully former from larger chunks of information
Router
a computer that recieves messages traveling across a network and redirects them towards their intended destinations based on the addressing information included with the message
TCP
provides reliable, ordered and error-checked delivery of a stream of packets on the internet
DNS
the internet’s system for converting alphabetic names (URLs) into numeric IP addresses
Fault tolerant
enables a system to continuing operating properly in the event of the failure of one of its componenets
HTTP
protocol used by the World Wide Web
describes how messages are formatted and interchanged and how web servers respond to commands
URL
an easy to remember address for calling a webpage
HTML
the LANGUAGE for described structured documents as well as the language used to create web pages in the Internet
Abstraction
Reducing information and detail and focusing on essential characteristics
Server
A computer that waits for and responds to request for data
Client
A computer that requests data stored on a server
Byte
A unit of data that is 8 bits long
Kilobyte
A unit of data made up of 1024 bytes
Megabyte
A unit of data made up of 1024 kilobytes
Heuristic
A problem solving approach (alogirthm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding an optimal or exact is impractical or impossible
Image
A type of data used for graphics or pictues
Metadata
Data that describes other data
Pixel
This model uses varying intensities of Red, Green, and Blue light that are added in together to create a broad array of colors
Lossless Compression
A data compression algorithm that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data
Lossy
compression scheme in which “useless” information is thrown out in order to reduce the size of the data
Hexadecimal Number System
A numbering system that consists of 16 distinct symbols, 0-9 and A-F, which can occur in each place value
Hypothesis
A proposed explanation for some phenomenon used as the basis for further investigation
README
A document providing background information about a dataset
CSV
Comma separated values
Widely used file format for storing data
Raw Data
original data as it was collected
Summary table
a table of aggregate information about a dataset
summarize lots of data into a form that is more useful and easier to use
Aggregation
A computation in which rows from a data set are grouped together and used to compute a single value of more significant meaning or measurement
Examples of aggregation
Sum, average, max, median, and count
Algorithm
A precise sequence of instructions for processes that can be executed by a computer and are implemented using programming languages
Is there any algorithm for every problem?
NO
Low level programming language
a programming language that captures only the primitive operations available to a machine.
Anything a computer can do can be represented with combinations of low level commands
High level programming language
a programming language with many commands and features designed to make common tasks easier to program
Any high level functionality is encapsulated as combinations of low level commands
Sequencing
the application of each step of an algorithm in the order in which the statements are given
Selection
uses a Boolean condition (TRUE/FALSE) to determine which of two parts of an algorithm is used
Iteration
the repetition of part of an algorithm until a condition is met or for a specified number of times
Abstraction
pulling out specific differences to make one solution work for multiple problems
Function/method
a piece of code you can easily call over and over agian
API
Application Programming Interface
collection of commands/functions typically with a shared purpose
Documentation
Description of the behavior of a command, function or library
Library
collection of commands/functions typically with a shared purpose
Parameter
an extra piece of information that you pass to the function to customize for a specific need
Loop
a programming construct that repeats a group of commands
For loop
A looping construct that defines a counting variable that is checked and incremented on each iteration in order to loop a specific number of times
Moore’s Law
States that every 18 months of so, computers and digital technology will double in speed and capacity while the cost gets cut in half
DDoS
Distributed denial of service
this is a type of denial of service in which the requests come from hundreds or thousands of IP addresses
DNS Spoofing
A form of computer hacking in which corrupt DNS data is introduced
Causes name server to return an incorrect IP address
Traffic goes to attacker’s computer
Event driven variable
A program that runs in relation to an event, such as user actions
Element
must be given an unique ID so a program can reference it
this is like naming a button on a screen “but1”
Can you have an element without an event variable?
Yes
Global variable
often declared at the top of a program, can be accessed and changed by any function within the program
Local variable
Only exists within the function in which it was declared
