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AP PSYCHOLOGY > AP TEST > Flashcards

AP TEST Flashcards

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1
Q

ablation

A

removal or destruction of brain tissue in a surgical procedure

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2
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

a neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, and muscle movement

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3
Q

acquisition

A

a process in classical conditioning by which the association of a neutral stimulus with a natural stimulus is first established

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4
Q

activation synthesis

A

the idea that dreams are the result of the cerebral cortex interpreting and organizing random flashes of brain activity, originating in the lower brain structures especially the pons

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5
Q

adrenal gland

A

source of the hormone norepinephrine which affects arousal

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6
Q

afferent

A

in neurons, another name for sensory

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7
Q

agonists

A

drugs which mimic the activity of neurotransmitters

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8
Q

alpha waves

A

seen when an individual is in a relaxed, unfocused, yet still awake state

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9
Q

antagonist

A

drug which blocks the activity of neurotransmitters

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10
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

loss of memory for events that occur AFTER the onset of the amnesia

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11
Q

anvil

A

the middle of thee three occicles in the middle ear

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12
Q

applied research

A

scientific investigations intended to solve practical problems

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13
Q

bipolar cells

A

eye neurons that receive information from the retinal cells and distribute information to the ganglion cells

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14
Q

cannon-bard

A

theory of emotion that says that a stimulus causes SIMULTANEOUSLY physiological arousal and the subjective experience of an emotion

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15
Q

catatonic

A

a form of schizophrenia in which the patient has muscle immobility and does not move

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16
Q

catharsis

A

release of aggressive energy through activity or fantasy

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17
Q

CAT scan

A

a method of creating static images of the brain through computerized axial tomography

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18
Q

client-centered

A

therapy developed by Carl Rogers featuring the patient’s self-discovery and actualization” also called person-centered

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19
Q

client-centered therapy

A

developed by Carl Rogers, this humanistic therapy includes unconditional positive regard

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20
Q

correlation coefficient

A

a positive ear 1.0 indicates two variables are positively related; a negative number indicates a negative relationship; zero indicates no relationship

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21
Q

crystallized

A

term describes a type of intelligence which applies cultural knowledge to solving problems

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22
Q

Delta waves

A

largest brain waves, associated with deep, dreamless sleep

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23
Q

depressant

A

any agent that reduces the activity of the central nervous system (CNS)

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24
Q

depth perception

A

an ability that we exercise by using both monocular and binocular cues

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25
Q

displacement

A

defense mechanism in which unwanted feelings are directed towards a different object

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26
Q

dispositional attribution

A

assuming that another’s behavior is due to personality factors, not situational ones (attribution error)

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27
Q

dissociative fugue

A

disorder in which one travels away from home and is unable to remember details of his past, including often his identity (fugue state)

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28
Q

dopamine

A

a neurotransmitter which is associated with Parkinson’s disease (too little of it) and schizophrenia (too much of it)

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29
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum

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30
Q

echoic

A

memory of sounds

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31
Q

ego

A

mediator between the id and superego

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32
Q

egocentrism

A

in a toddler, the belief that others perceive the world in the same way they do

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33
Q

eidetic

A

describes a type of visual memory that is retained for a long time; photographic

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34
Q

Electra complex

A

counterpart to the Oedipus complex for females

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35
Q

emotion-theories

A

James-Lange; Cannon-Baird; Singer-Schachter; Lazarus; Zajonc

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36
Q

endorphins

A

neurotransmitters that give one a feeling of well-being, euphoria, or eliminate pain

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37
Q

feature detection

A

the ability of the brain to identify specific components of visual stimuli such as corners or edges

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38
Q

figure-ground

A

refers to our ability to distinguish foreground from background in visual images

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39
Q

fluid intelligence

A

term that describes a type of intelligence used to cope with novel situations and problems

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40
Q

foot-in-the-door

A

term describes a phenomenon in which people who agree to a small request are more likely to later agree to a larger request

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41
Q

fovea

A

the central focus area of the retina

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42
Q

frequency

A

theory of hearing which states that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the tone’s frequency

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43
Q

functional fixedness

A

the tendency to think about things only in terms of the usual cues; can be a hindrance to creative thinking

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44
Q

functionalism

A

WILLIAM JAMES’S school of though that stressed the adaptive and survival value of behaviors

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45
Q

ganglion cells

A

their axons form the optic nerve

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46
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

Seyle’s concept that the body responds to stress
with alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

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47
Q

generativity vs. stagnation

A

Erikson’s stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one’s potential and doing pubic service

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48
Q

glial cell

A

this acts as a support system for neurons

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49
Q

group polarization

A

tendency of group members to move to an extreme position after discussing an issue as a group

50
Q

heritability

A

the extent to which differences in a group of a characteristic is due to genetics, not environment

51
Q

higher-order

A

term describes conditioning in which the CS for one experiment becomes the UCS in another experiment so that another neutral stimulus can be made to elicit the original UCR

52
Q

hunger

A

regulated by the lateral hypothalamus and the ventromedial hypothalamus

53
Q

hypochondriasis

A

a disorder characterized by an unreasonable fear that one has a serious disease

54
Q

iconic

A

term that describes the memory of images

55
Q

id

A

the repository of the basic urges toward sex and aggression (pleasure-seeking)

56
Q

imprinting

A

evidence of critical period in some animals; they follow the first thing they see after hatching

57
Q

industry vs. inferiority

A

Erikson’s stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive

58
Q

integrity vs. despair

A

Erikson’s final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives

59
Q

interneurons

A

cells in the spinal cord through which reflexes travel without going to the brain

60
Q

interposition

A

monocular visual cues in which to objects are in the same line of vision and one partially conceals the other, indicating that the first object concealed is further away

61
Q

James-Lange

A

theory of emotion in which physiological arousal precedes the emotion

62
Q

kinethesis

A

sense of one’s balance and of one’e physical position

63
Q

latent

A

Freud’s stage of psychosexual development occurring from about age 6 to puberty during which little happens in psychosexual terms

64
Q

latent content

A

the hidden or disguised meaning of dreams

65
Q

latent learning

A

a change in behavior due to experience acquired without conscious effort

66
Q

law of effect

A

Thorndike’s rule that behaviors which have positive outcomes tend to be repeated

67
Q

lens

A

a curved, transparent element of the vision system that provides focus

68
Q

lithium

A

in psychopharmacology, this is used to control bipolar symptoms

69
Q

long-term potentiation

A

a possible source of the formation of memories improvement in a neuron’s ability to transmit caused by repeated stimulations

70
Q

lucid

A

describes a dream in which the dreamer is aware that he or she is dreaming and is able to influence the progress of the dream narrative

71
Q

manifest

A

describes, in Freudian terms, the surface content of a dream

72
Q

mental age

A

developed by Binet; equal to one’s chronological age times the % score on an IQ test

73
Q

misinformation effect

A

situation wherein subtle cues disrupt and/or distort one’s memory of an event, often without conscious awareness of the influence

74
Q

MMPI

A

the initials of a long, detailed personality inventory

75
Q

monocular

A

terms that means, “one-eyed”, used to indicate the sort of environemntal cues to depth perception that only require one eye (ex: interposition)

76
Q

morpheme

A

in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning (ex: syllables)

77
Q

motion parallax

A

a depth cue in which the relative movement of elements in a scene gives depth information when the observer moves relative to the scene

78
Q

motor cortex

A

an area of the brain, near the rear of the frontal lobes, that controls the voluntary movement

79
Q

motor neuron

A

this carries information from the brain to the muscles: also called “efferent”

80
Q

normal distribution

A

describes a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that shows that distribution of many physical and psychological attributes

81
Q

Oedipus complex

A

in Freud’s theory, the conflict which results in a boy gaining a superego and beginning to emulate his father

82
Q

omission training

A

a procedure in which reinforcement occurs when a specific behavior does not occur in a fixed period of time

83
Q

opponent process theory

A

term used in both vision theory and emotion theory

84
Q

optic chiasm

A

the point in the brain where the visual field information from each eye “crosses over” to the appropriate side of the brain for processing

85
Q

oval window

A

membrane at the entrance to the cochlea through which the ossicles transmit vibrations

86
Q

parasympathetic

A

the branch of the NS that automatically calms us down when the reason for arousal has passed

87
Q

parietal

A

lobe that contains the sensory cortex

88
Q

permissive

A

describes a parenting style that is characterized by the parent making few demands on the child

89
Q

phallic

A

name for Freud’s stage which involves the Oedipus complex

90
Q

phoneme

A

in language, smallest distinctive sound unit (ex: letter)

91
Q

place theory

A

the idea that different sound frequencies stimulate different location on the basilar membrane

92
Q

pons

A

part of the rain, works with the cerebellum in coordinating voluntary movement; neutral stimulation studies in activation synthesis theory (dreams) may originate here

93
Q

preconscious

A

in Freud’s theory, the level of consciousness in which thoughts and feeling are not conscious but are readily retrievable to consciousness

94
Q

proactive interference

A

when prior learning disrupts the recall of information

95
Q

projection

A

defense mechanism in which one disguises one’s own unacceptable impulses by attributing them to others

96
Q

projective

A

term describes a personality test in which ambiguous stimuli trigger revelation of inner feelingd/thoughts

97
Q

rationalization

A

making an excuse for failure (ex: I failed the test because the teacher is no good)

98
Q

reaction formation

A

defense mechanism in which unacceptable impulse are transformed into their opposite

99
Q

REBT

A

Albert Ellis’s form of therapy for psychological disorders

100
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

Bandura’s idea that though our environment affects us, we also affect our environment

101
Q

relative deprivation

A

the notion that one is better off then those whom one compares oneself; concept used to explain some feelings of happiness

102
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

this cognitive shortcut enables one to generalize based on how closely a stimulus matches a typical member of a class

103
Q

reticular formation

A

a network of cells in the brain stem that filters sensory information and is involved in arousal and alertness

104
Q

retroactive interference

A

when new learning disrupts the recall of previously-learned information

105
Q

retrograde

A

loss of memory for events that occurred BEFORE the onset of amnesia

106
Q

rooting

A

a reflex in which a newborn turns its head in response to a gentle stimulus on its cheek

107
Q

Rorschach test

A

a projective test that uses inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli

108
Q

self-serving bias

A

the tendency to assign oneself credit for successes but to blame failures on external forces

109
Q

semantics

A

in language, the study of meanings of words

110
Q

sensory cortex

A

the parts of the brain that receive information from the sensory receptors

111
Q

serial position effect

A

this tells us that the best recall of a list of items will be those at the beginning of the list

112
Q

serotonin

A

a neurotransmitter associated with improved mood and other positive emotions

113
Q

signal detection

A

this theory predicts how and in what circumstances we can detect a stimulus; assumed there is no single threshold

114
Q

sleep spindles

A

short bursts of brain waves detected in stage 2 sleep

115
Q

social exchange

A

a theory that suggests that our behavior is based on maximizing benefits and minimizingg costs

116
Q

somatoform disorders

A

any of a group of psychological disturbances characterized by physical symptoms for which there is not a medical cause

117
Q

structuralism

A

school of psychology developed by WILHELM WUNDT; structure over function

118
Q

sublimation

A

a defense mechanism in which unacceptable impulses are directed into socially acceptable outlets

119
Q

sympathetic

A

part of the NS that controls the “fight or flight”response

120
Q

TAT

A

a projective test in which the subjects look at and tell a story about ambiguous stimuli

121
Q

temporal

A

the lobe that controls audition

122
Q

token economy

A

a technique in operant conditioning by which desired behaviors receive forms of currency that can be exchanges for rewards

AP PSYCHOLOGY (1 decks)

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