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AP Language > AP Terms > Flashcards

AP Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Ad Hominem

A

An ad hominem (Latin for “to the man” or “to the person”[1]), short for argumentum ad hominem, is a form of criticism directed at something about the person one is criticizing, rather than something (potentially, at least) independent of that person. When used inappropriately, it is a fallacy in which a claim or argument is dismissed on the basis of some irrelevant fact or supposition about the author or the person being criticized.[2] Ad hominem reasoning is not always fallacious, for example, when it relates to the credibility of statements of fact or when used in certain kinds of moral and practical reasoning.[3]
Fallacious Ad hominem reasoning is normally categorized as an informal fallacy,[4][5][6] more precisely as a genetic fallacy,[7] a subcategory of fallacies of irrelevance.[8]
Ad hominem arguments are the converse of appeals to authority, and may be used in response to such appeals, for example, by pointing to the feet of clay of the authority being pointed to.

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2
Q

Allegory

A

A sustained metaphor continued through whole sentences or even through a whole discourse.

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3
Q

Alliteration

A

Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of 2 or more neighboring words.

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4
Q

Allusion

A

A passing reference, without explicit identification, to a literary or historical person/place/event, or literary work.

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5
Q

Ambiguity

A

Intentional or unintentional multiple meaning of a word/phrase/etc (usually bad,but can definitely be used rhetorically sometimes to deceive a reader.)

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6
Q

Anachronism

A

A thing belonging to a different time period (esp.something that is conspicuously old fashioned.)

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7
Q

Analepsis

A

Flashing back to an earlier point in the story.

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8
Q

Prolepsis

A

“flashing forward” to a moment later in the chronological sequence of events

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9
Q

Anadiplosis

A

repetition of the last word of a preceding clause

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10
Q

Anology

A

Comparing similarities.

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11
Q

Anaphora

A

parallel structure starting with the same words

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12
Q

Antecedent

A

a word, phrase, or clause, to which another word refers

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13
Q

Aphorism

A

a pithy and pointed statement of a serious maxim, opinion, or general truth.

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14
Q

Aporia

A

An expression of doubt or perplexity; placing a claim in doubt by developing arguments on both sides of an issue.

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15
Q

Aposiopesis

A

an unfinished thought or broken sentence.

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16
Q

Appositive

A

two units that are grammatically parallel

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17
Q

Apostrophe

A

In literature, apostrophe is a figure of speech sometimes represented by exclamation “O.” A writer or a speaker, using an apostrophe, detaches himself from the reality and addresses an imaginary character in his speech.

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18
Q

Assonance

A

repetition of vowel sounds; non-rhyming

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19
Q

Asyndeton

A

A writing style that omits conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses.

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20
Q

Atmosphere

A

Emotion created by an entire work, including setting and authorial tone.

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21
Q

Mood

A

The emotions elicited in the reader as a result of reading a text.

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22
Q

Attitude

A

Approach, disposition, stance

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23
Q

Audience

A
  • Readers or listeners of a “text” * Note different audiences: intended/target; primary and secondary
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24
Q

Autotelic

A

Having a purpose in and not apart from itself.

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25
Q

Bathos

A

An insincere and excessively sentimental appeal to emotion, or an abrupt transition in style from elevated to ordinary.

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26
Q

Begging the Question

A

Premises of the conclusion are presumed; circular argument.

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27
Q

Caesura

A

“rhetorical break in the, sound of flow in the middle, of a line of verse.”

A pause in writing in a line of poetry to add rhythm is indicated by / and is called (CAESURA)

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28
Q

Cannon (Literary and Fiction)

A

a collection or list of books

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29
Q

Catharsis

A

the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions

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30
Q

Chiasmus

A

a rhetorical or literary figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form

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31
Q

Clause

A

a unit of grammatical organization next below the sentence in rank and in traditional grammar said to consist of a subject and predicate.

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32
Q

Cliché

A

trite; overly familiar

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33
Q

Colloquial / colloquialism

A

(of language) used in ordinary or familiar conversation; not formal or literary.

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34
Q

Comparison and Contrast

A

Bringing together two things in order to emphasize similarities or differences

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35
Q

Conceit

A

Fanciful writing; elaborate metaphor.

Far-fetched simile or metaphor

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36
Q

Connotation

A

an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning

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37
Q

Denotation

A

Literal or explicit meaning.

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38
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

general –> specific

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39
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

specific case –> generalization

(starts from “inside”)

Think about “I” –> I/me = my experience but reveal truth about all experiences

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40
Q

Diction

A

the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing

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41
Q

Didantic

A

moral lesson

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42
Q

Pedantic

A

shallow

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43
Q

Either/Or Fallacy

A

Two alternative points of view are presented as the only options; there really exists one or more than one additional possibilities.

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44
Q

Elipses

A

the omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous or able to be understood from contextual clues

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45
Q

Epic

A

a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation

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46
Q

Epigram

A

Brief, pithy, clever statement or poem.

(compared to aphorism): An epigram is a short, rhyming poem while an aphorism is a witty remark about life

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47
Q

Epigraph

A

a short quotation or saying at the beginning of a book or chapter, intended to suggest its theme

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48
Q

Epiphany

A

A moment of sudden revelation or insight

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49
Q

Epistolary Novel

A

A novel comprised of journal entries or letters

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50
Q

Epithet

A

A characterizing word or phrase accompanying or occurring in place of the name of a person or thing

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51
Q

Epizeuxis

A

The repetition of a word with no others between for emphasis

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52
Q

Euphemism

A

a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing

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53
Q

Periphrasis

A

Use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter form of expression

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54
Q

Circumlocution

A

The use of unnecessarily wordy and indirect language to avoid getting to the point.

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55
Q

Exposition / Setting

A

Exposition is a literary device used to introduce background information about events, settings, characters etc. to the audience or readers.

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56
Q

Figurative Language / Figure of Speech

A

Yes.

57
Q

Frame Story

A

Story within a story.

58
Q

Genetic Fallacy

A

Origin of the claim is used as evidence to discredit or credit claim itself.

59
Q

Genre/ Generic Conventions

A

a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter

60
Q

Homily

A

a religious discourse that is intended primarily for spiritual edification rather than doctrinal instruction; a sermon

61
Q

Hyperbole

A

exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally

62
Q

hypotactic sentence

A

the subordination of one clause to another

63
Q

paratactic

A

the placing of clauses one after another without the use of words to indicate coordination or subordination

64
Q

image/ imagery

A

visually descriptive / figurative language

65
Q

Inference/infer

A

a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning

66
Q

Invective

A

insulting, abusive, or highly critical language

67
Q

Inversion

A

a literary technique in which the normal order of words is reversed in order to achieve a particular effect of emphasis or meter

68
Q

verbal irony

A

A trope in which the intended meaning of a statement differs from the meaning that the words appear to express.
It’s not what you say, it’s how you say it.

69
Q

situational irony

A

irony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected

70
Q

dramatic irony

A

The audience knows something the character does not.

71
Q

structural irony

A

Pervasive irony created by a structural feature such as a naive protagonist whose viewpoint is consistently wrong, shared by neither author nor reader.

72
Q

romantic irony

A

The narrator of a literary work creates an illusion of reality but then destroys the illusion by revealing that he is arbitrarily making up the story as he goes.

73
Q

Socratic irony

A

a pose of ignorance assumed in order to entice others into making statements that can then be challenged

74
Q

Jargon

A

a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation, profession, or trade; or context/situation

75
Q

Jumping to a conclusion

A

Drawing a conclusion without taking the needed time to reason through the argument

76
Q

Lampoon

A

publicly criticize (someone or something) by using ridicule, irony, or sarcasm

77
Q

Literal

A

Exact and absolute meaning.

78
Q

Loaded Question

A

a question that contains a controversial or unjustified assumption

79
Q

Metaphor

A

a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable

80
Q

Metonomy

A

A figure of speech consisting of the use of the name of one thing for that of another of which is an attribute or with which it is associated.

Metonymy (from the Greek, “change of name”) simply means substituting one word for another with which it is closely associated/related. Synecdoche (si’-nek-doh-kee) is a form of metonymy; it is a specific term employed when you use a part of the thing to mean the whole thing itself.

81
Q

Narrative Devices

A

Point of view; to whom one speaks; tense; omniscience; dialogue.

82
Q

Non-sequitur

A

A jump in logic; lack of a logical connection.

83
Q

Novella

A

a short novel or long short story

84
Q

Objectivity

A

not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts

85
Q

subjectivity

A

based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions

86
Q

onomantopoeia

A

A formation of a word from a sound associated with what it is named

87
Q

oxymoron

A

a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction

88
Q

parable

A

a simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson, as told by Jesus in the Gospels

89
Q

paradox

A

a statement or proposition that, sound (or apparently sound) reasoning from acceptable premises, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless or self-contradictory

90
Q

paraphrase

A

(v) to express the meaning of something (said or written) using different words, especially to achieve greater clarity

91
Q

Parallel construction / parallelism

A

the use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc.

92
Q

Parody

A

A text that imitates the characteristic style of an author or a work for comic effect.

93
Q

periodic sentence

A

A complex sentence, especially one consisting of several clauses, constructed as part of a formal speech or narration.
*main point is at the end of a long sentence

94
Q

loose sentence (or cumulative)

A

A(n) __________ makes its major point at the beginning and then adds subordinate phrases and clauses that develop or modify the point. It could end at one or more points before it actually does.
*main point is at the beginning of a long sentence

95
Q

persona

A

the aspect of someone’s character that is presented to or perceived by others

96
Q

personification

A

the attribution of human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form

97
Q

Persuasion / persuasive essay

A

yes

98
Q

point of view

A

yes

99
Q

premise

A

An assertion or proposition that serves as the basis of a work or theory.

100
Q

prose

A

No metric structure.

101
Q

pseudonym

A

yes

102
Q

pragmatic theory

A

Literary theory that regards the literature as is deliberately designed to achieve certain effects in the reader.
* emphasizes the audience

103
Q

objective theory

A

Emphasizes the perspective of the reader or audience perceiving the poem ‘as a given object’.

  • poem = object
  • emphasis on the poem
104
Q

mimetic theory

A

The literary theory that literature reflects the universe.
Key idea: ‘the tendency to look to the nature of the given universe as the clue to the nature of poetry’.
Key words: imitation, image, reflection, feigning, counterfeiting, copy, representation.

105
Q

expressive theory

A

emphasizes the poet

the POET and then the reader are carried away with the poem

106
Q

red herring

A

Distracter that draws attention away from the real issue.

When something draws the attention away from the issue being discussed

107
Q

rhetoric

A

yes

108
Q

rhetorical mode

A

A strategy, way, or method of presenting a subject through writing or speech. rhetorical mode

109
Q

exposition (rhetorical mode)

A

yes

110
Q

argumentation (rhetorical mode)

A

yes

111
Q

description (rhetorical mode)

A

Re-creates, invents, or visually presents a person, place, event, or action so that the reader can picture that which is being described.

112
Q

narration (rhetorical mode)

A

One of the traditional modes of discourse that recounts an event or a series of related events.

113
Q

rhetorical question

A

yes

114
Q

sarcasm

A

yes

115
Q

satire

A

Often funny, it is a style of writing that targets human vices and follies, or social institutions and conventions.

116
Q

simile

A

like, yes

117
Q

straw opponent

A

The fallaciously-created distortion of one’s true stance.

118
Q

spacial structure

A

Arranges information according to how things fit together in physical space.

119
Q

sequential structure

A

yes, yes, yes

120
Q

style

A

yeeeeeees

121
Q

subplot

A

yes, ye, y, y, ye

122
Q

Syllogism vs. enthymeme

A

Syllogism:
A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.
Enthymemes
When a premise in a syllogism is missing, the syllogism becomes an enthymeme. Enthymemes can be very effective in argument, but they can also be unethical and lead to invalid conclusions. Authors often use enthymemes to persuade audiences.

123
Q

symbol

A

a thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract

124
Q

synecdoche

A

A figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole.
Synecdoche (si’-nek-doh-kee) is a specific term employed when you use a part of the thing to mean the whole thing itself.

125
Q

synaesthesia

A

When the senses get mixed up.

126
Q

syntax

A

In linguistics, the study of the rules that govern the ways in which words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences.

127
Q

theme

A

The universal truth of a work that applies to the human condition.

128
Q

thesis

A

a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved

129
Q

antithesis

A
  • a person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else
  • A balanced sentence that makes a contrast is called antithesis.
130
Q

synthesis

A

combination or composition.

131
Q

tone

A

yes. yes! yes?

132
Q

transition

A

yes -> ye

133
Q

understatement

A

A writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.

134
Q

verisimilitude

A

the appearance of being true or real

135
Q

voice/speaker

A

The attitude and style a writer has to convey his/ her thoughts is often referred to as his/ her

136
Q

wit

A

(to wit) that is to say (used to make clearer or more specific something already said or referred to)

137
Q

litotes

A

An ironical understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative as its contrary.

138
Q

roman a clef

A

A novel in which real people or events appear with invented names.
A text that is fictional but based on actual events

139
Q

zeugma

A

a figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses (e.g., John and his license expired last week ) or to two others of which it semantically suits only one (e.g., with weeping eyes and hearts ).

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