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AP terms Flashcards

1
Q

Ad Hominem Argument

A

(fallacy)
a claim or argument is rejected on the basis of some irrelevant fact about the author or the person presenting the claim or argument.

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2
Q

Anachronism

A

Something or someone that is not in its correct historical or chronological time, especially a thing or person that belongs to an earlier time

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3
Q

Anadiplosis

A

The repetition of the last word of a preceding clause

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4
Q

Anaphora

A

A rhetorical device that consists of repeating a sequence of words at the beginnings of neighboring clauses, thereby lending them emphasis

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5
Q

Aphorism

A

A brief statement which expresses an observation on life, usually intended as a wise observation; original thought spoken or written in a memorable form

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6
Q

Apostrophe

A

A figure of speech wherein the speaker speaks directly to something nonhuman. An absent person, an abstract concept, or an important object is directly addressed.

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7
Q

Archaic

A

ancient; old

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8
Q

Asyndeton

A

Stylistic scheme in which conjunctions are deliberately omitted from a series of related clauses.

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9
Q

Bombastic

A

high-sounding; high-flown; inflated; pretentious; pompous; grandiose,

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10
Q

Brusque

A

abrupt in manner; blunt

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11
Q

Cacophonous

A

having a harsh or unpleasant sound; dissonant, strident, grating, raucous

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12
Q

Chiasmus

A

a rhetorical device where a reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases
Example: “He went to the country, to the town went she.”

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13
Q

Claim

A

To assert or maintain as a fact

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14
Q

Alliteration

A

Used for poetic effect, a repetition of the initial consonant sounds of several words in a group.

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15
Q

Allusion

A

A reference to something which is commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, etc. Examples: pop culture, historical, biblical, literary

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16
Q

Analogy

A

A similarity between like features of two things, on which a comparison may be based.

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17
Q

Antithesis

A

opposition, or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction

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18
Q

Cliche

A

An expression, idea, or element of an artistic work which has been overused to the point of losing its original meaning or effect, rendering it a stereotype

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19
Q

Colloquial

A

characteristic of or appropriate to ordinary or familiar conversation rather than formal speech or writing; informal.

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20
Q

Connotation

A

the non-literal meaning of a word; the implied, suggestive meaning

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21
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true. Deductive reasoning is sometimes referred to as top-down logic. Its counterpart, inductive reasoning, is sometimes referred to as bottom-up logic.

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22
Q

Detached

A

impartial or objective; disinterested; unbiased; not involved or concerned; aloof

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23
Q

Didactic

A

Greek for teaching; didactic words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially moral or ethical principles

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24
Q

Doubtful Authority

A

Often people will attempt to bolster an argument with references to experts or famous people. These appeals are valid when the person quoted or referred to is an expert in the area being discussed. They are not valid, however, when the individuals cited have no expertise on the issue.

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25
Q

Dysphemism

A

The substitution of a more offensive or disparaging word or phrase for one considered less offensive. (the opposite of euphemism)

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26
Q

Epigraph

A

A brief quotation which appears at the beginning of a literary work

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27
Q

Epistrophe

A

It is the repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive phrases, clauses or sentences.

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28
Q

Epithet

A

an adjective or descriptive phrase expressing a quality characteristic of the person or thing mentioned.

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29
Q

Esoteric

A

understood by or meant for only the select few who have special knowledge or interest; private; secret; confidential; belonging to a select few

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30
Q

Ethos

A

Greek word meaning “character” that is used to describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a community, nation, or ideology

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31
Q

Euphemism

A

Greek for “good speech” - they are more agreeable and less offensive substitute words

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32
Q

Euphonious

A

pleasant in sound; agreeable to the ear

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33
Q

False Analogy

A

A fallacy in which an argument is based on misleading, superficial, or implausible comparisons

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34
Q

Hasty Generalization

A

A fallacy in which a conclusion is not logically justified by sufficient or unbiased evidence

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35
Q

Hyperbole

A

An overstatement or an exaggerated figure of speech

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36
Q

Hypophora

A

figure of speech in which a writer raises a question and then immediately provides an answer to that question

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37
Q

Imagery

A

Using descriptions and literary devices to give an image to the words.

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38
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Predicting future events based on past events

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39
Q

Invective

A

an insulting or abusive word or expression

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40
Q

Inverted sentence

A

An inverted sentence is one in which the subject appears after the verb. This construction causes the subject to receive more emphasis

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41
Q

Irony

A

A rhetorical device, literary technique, or situation in which there is a difference between expectation and reality or the difference between what is stated and what is really meant

42
Q

Jargon

A

the terminology that relates to a specific activity, profession or group. Much like slang it develops as a kind of shorthand, to quickly express ideas that are frequently discussed between members of a group. (the language, esp. the vocabulary, peculiar to a particular trade, profession, or group)

43
Q

Juxtaposition

A

an act or instance of placing close together or side by side, esp. for comparison or contrast. A side-by-side position.

44
Q

Litote

A

A figure of speech in which understatement is employed for rhetorical effect when an idea is expressed by a denial of its opposite, principally via double negatives

45
Q

Loaded language

A

charged with emotional or associative significance that hinders rational or unprejudiced consideration of the terms involved in a discourse

46
Q

Logos

A

use of logical reasoning; logical appeal

47
Q

Malapropism

A

An act or habit of misusing words ridiculously, especially by the confusion of words that are similar in sound.

48
Q

Metonymy

A

A figure of speech that consists of the use of the name of one object or concept for that of another to which it is related, or of which it is a part

49
Q

Non-sequitur

A

A fallacy in which a conclusion does not follow logically from what preceded it.

50
Q

Nostalgic

A

a wistful desire to return in thought or in fact to a former time in one’s life, to one’s home or homeland, or to one’s family and friends; a sentimental yearning for the happiness of a former place or time

51
Q

Oxymoron

A

A self-contradictory statement

52
Q

Paradox

A

A situation or a statement that seems to contradict itself, but on closer inspection, does not.

53
Q

Parallelism

A

A repetition of sentences using the same structure

54
Q

Pathos

A

appealing to the reader’s emotions

55
Q

Periodic sentence

A

A sentence that presents its main clause at the end.

56
Q

Polysyndeton

A

The use of several conjunctions in close succession

57
Q

Pretentious

A

Making an exaggerated outward show; thinking you are important

58
Q

Pun

A

a play on words

59
Q

Rhetorical question

A

A question that is not meant to be answered because it implies that the answer is obvious

60
Q

Semantics

A

Studying the meaning of words, their historical development, their connotations, etc.

61
Q

Stream of consciousness

A

A literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur

62
Q

Style

A

Manner of expression of a particular writer, produced by choice of words, grammatical structures, language use

63
Q

Syllogism

A

form of deductive reasoning, stemming from the general to the particular or the known facts

64
Q

Synesthesia

A

Used by the writer to try to bring many senses into play, for example describing sounds as colors, or colors as tastes

65
Q

Synecdoche

A

when one uses a part to represent the whole

66
Q

Syntax

A

Syntax studies the form of the sentence; grammatical structure

67
Q

Theme

A

Central and dominating idea in literature work (message or moral implicit in any work of art)

68
Q

Trite

A

lacking in freshness or effectiveness because of constant use or excessive repetition

69
Q

Understatement

A

This device is used to understate the obvious. The act or an instance of stating something in restrained terms, or as less than it is

70
Q

Warrant

A

An assumption or general principle that establishes a connection between the evidence and the claim

71
Q

Zeugma

A

(figure of speech )
a word is used to modify or govern two or more words even though it only applies to one of them or making a different sense with each

72
Q

Conceit

A

used in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects

73
Q

Figurative Language

A

Writing that is not intended to carry a literal meaning and is meant to be imaginative and vivid

74
Q

Figure of speech

A

A device used to produce figurative language

Example: apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, personification, etc

75
Q

Mood

A

The atmosphere of a word. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood.

76
Q

Parody

A

A work that closely resembles another with the aim of comedic effect

77
Q

Personification

A

concepts, animals, objects that have human characteristics

78
Q

POV

A

the vantage point from which a story is told

79
Q

Prose

A

Refers to fiction, nonfiction and the major divisions of this genre

80
Q

Repetition

A

the duplication of language; rhetorical strategy used to emphasize a certain word or point

81
Q

Satire

A

work that targets social institutions or people in order to bring about change

82
Q

Symbol

A

something that stands for something else

83
Q

Wit

A

mental sharpness that can create humor

84
Q

Rhetorical Modes

A

Exposition
Argumentation
Description
Narration

85
Q

Tone

A

author’s attitude toward his/her material

86
Q

Allegory

A

The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning

87
Q

Ambiguity

A

The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.

88
Q

Appositive

A

Noun or pronoun that renames another noun in the sentence

89
Q

Begging the question

A

An informal fallacy in which an argument utilizes as a premise the same idea which is also contained in the conclusion

90
Q

Classification and Division

A

When a writer organizes, or sorts things into categories

91
Q

Clause

A

Grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb

92
Q

Either/Or Reasoning

A

A fallacy that occurs when a writer builds an argument upon the assumption that there are only two choices or possible outcomes when actually there are several

93
Q

Genre

A

The major category into which a literary work fits

94
Q

Inference

A

To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented

95
Q

Loose sentence

A

A type of sentence where the main clause comes first, followed by a dependent clause

96
Q

Pedantic

A

General tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish

97
Q

Subject Complement

A

Word or clause that follows a linking verb

98
Q

Thesis

A

Statement that directly states the author’s opinion, purpose, meaning, or position

99
Q

Transition

A

Words that connect ideas within a sentence or paragraph

100
Q

Denotation

A

The dictionary definition of a word

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