AP Stats Vocab Flashcards
Individuals
The objects described by a set of data.
Variable
Any characteristic of an individual.
Categorical Variable
Places an individual into one of several groups or categories.
Quantitative Variable
Takes numerical values for which it makes sense to find an average.
Discrete Variables
A variable that cannot take on any value between its maximum and minimum value.
Continuous
A variable that can take on any value between its maximum and minimum value.
Univariate Data
When you conduct a study only looking at one variable.
Bivariate Data
When you conduct a study looking at two variables.
Population
The total set of observations that can be made.
Sample
A set of observations drawn from a population.
Census
A study that obtains data from every member of a population.
Distribution
What values the variable takes and how often it takes these values.
Inference
Drawing a conclusion beyond the data given.
Frequency Table
A table that displays the counts of things.
Relative Frequency Table
A table that shows the percents of things.
Roundoff Error
When you round percentages and they do not add up correctly.
Pie Chart
Shows the distribution of a categorical variable as a “pie”.
Bar Graph
Shows the distribution of a categorical variable as bars.
Two-Way Table
A table that describes two categorical variables.
Marginal Distribution
The distribution of values of a categorical variable among all individuals described by the table.
Conditional Distribution
Describes the values of that variable among individuals who have a specific value of another variable.
Segmented Bar Graph
A bar graph where columns have different segments.
Side-by-side Bar Graph
A bar graph with two columns with different data next to each other.
Association
If knowing the value of one variable helps predict the value of the other.
Simpson’s Paradox
When a trend appears in groups of data but disappears or reverses when the groups are combined.
Dotplot
Each data value is shown as a dot on a number line.
Shape
The form of something.
Mode
The most common value of a set of data.
Center
The midpoint of a set of values.
Spread
How the data varies.
Range
The difference between the maximum and minimum values in a set of data.
Outlier
A value much greater or lesser than the rest of the values.
Symmetric
If the left and right sides of a graph are mirror images of each other.
Skewed Right
If the right side of the graph is much longer than the left.
Skewed Left
If the left side of the graph is much longer than the left.
Unimodal
A graph with a single peak.
Bimodal
A graph with two peaks.
Multimodal
A graph with multiple peaks.
Stemplot
A graph that shows the shape of the distribution while showing the numerical values.
Splitting Stems
Separating values into two stems.
Back-to-back Stem Plots
A stem plot with common stems where the leaves on each side are ordered out from the common stem.
Histogram
A common graph of the distribution of a quantitative variable.
Mean
A value found by adding all the values and dividing by a number of observations.
Median
The midpoint of a distribution.
Interquartile Range (IQR)
Measures the range of the middle 50% of the data.
Five-Number Summary
Consists of the minimum, the first quartile, the median, the third quartile, and the maximum.
Boxplot
A way of showing the five-number summary.
Standard Deviation
Measures the typical distance of values from the mean.
Variance
The average squared deviation.
