Ap Stats Unit 1 Vocab Flashcards
Sample
a (hopefully representative) subset of a population
Simulation
a model of random events that imitates a real process
SRS (Simple Random Sample)
a sample in which every possible group is equally likely to be chosen
Convenience sample
a sample that chooses subjects who are easiest to obtain
Census
a sample that includes the entire population
Systematic sample
a sample where every nth individual or item is chosen
Multistage sample
a sample method where several methods are combined
Stratified
a sample method where several methods are combined
Cluster
a sampling method where you randomly choose entire groups created from population
Treatment
a specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment
Observational study
a study where no treatments have been assigned to subjects
Experiment
a study where an experimenter randomly assigns treatments to subjects
Bias
a systematic failure of a sample to represent its population that leads to either an over or an underestimate of the variable
Placebo
a treatment that is known to have no effect
Sample statistic
a value that is calculated for a sample
Population parameter
a value that measures a characteristic of a population
Population
an entire group of individuals about whom we hope to learn
Matched pairs
an experimental design where subjects are paired in groups of 2
Nonresponse bias
bias introduced to a sample when many surveyed fail to respond
Volunteer response bias
biased produced from having volunteers who choose to be in the sample
Experimental units or subjects
individuals on whom an experiment is performed
Survey
questions posed to a sample of the population
Confounding
the condition when the effects of a variable can’t be distinguished from each other
Blinding
the condition where the subject does not know the treatment they received
Control group
the group of subjects used for a baseline treatment level
Sampling variability
the naturally occurring variability from sample to sample
Undercoverage
the result of a sampling method that leaves out some part of a population
Replication
using many experimental units (subjects) for your experiment
