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AP Stats Ch. 4 Vocab > AP Stats Ch. 4 Vocab > Flashcards

AP Stats Ch. 4 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Sample

A

a (representative) subset of a population

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2
Q

Population

A

the entire group of individuals or instances about whom we hope to learn from

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3
Q

Sample Survey

A

a study that asks questions of a sample drawn from some population in hopes of learning something about the whole

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4
Q

Voluntary Response

A

sampling design where individuals can choose to participate (biased because some groups aren’t represented)

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5
Q

Confounded

A

when levels of one factor are associated with the levels of another factor so their effects can’t be separated

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6
Q

Design

A

type of sampling

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7
Q

Convenience Sampling

A

individuals are chosen based of who is easily available

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8
Q

Biased

A

any systematic failure of a sampling method

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9
Q

Simple Random Sampling

A

sampling design in which each set of “x” elements in the population has an equal chance of being selected

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10
Q

Table of Random Digits

A

used for SRS

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11
Q

Stratified Random Sampling

A

sampling design in which the population is divided into several strata and random samples are drawn from each strata

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12
Q

Cluster Sampling

A

sampling design in which entire groups are chosen at random

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13
Q

Undercoverage

A

type of bias that is problematic because some groups aren’t represented in the sample

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14
Q

Nonresponse

A

type of bias that is problematic because the intended sample is incomplete

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15
Q

Response Bias

A

type of bias that is problematic because false info may be given

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16
Q

Sampling Frame

A

a list of individuals from whom the sample is drawn

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17
Q

Systematic Random Sample

A

sample drawn by selecting an individual from a list every nth time

18
Q

Inference

A

inferring something about a population by examining a sample

19
Q

Strata

A

name of groups that have been divided from the whole when stratified random sampling is used

20
Q

Parameter

A

number (quantity) or quality that describes a population

21
Q

Observational Study

A

Observes individuals and measures but doesn’t influence response

21
Q

Statistic

A

number (quantity) or quality that describes a sample

22
Q

Experiment

A

Deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their response

23
Q

Lurking Variable

A

Variable that isn’t explanatory or response but influences in some way

24
Q

Experimental Units

A

Smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied

25
Q

Subjects

A

Human units

26
Q

Treatment

A

A specific condition applied to the individuals

27
Q

Factors

A

Combination of values of the explanatory variable

28
Q

Levels

A

Combing specific values to create a treatment

29
Q

Random Assignment

A

Experimental units are assigned to the treatments at random

30
Q

Comparative Design

A

Compares 2 treatments

31
Q

Completely Randomized Design

A

The treatments are assigned to all the experimental units by chance

32
Q

Control Group

A

The baseline for comparing g the effects of other treatments

33
Q

Principles of Statistical Design

A
  1. Control: for lurking variables that affect response; use comparative design and assure the difference is only the way treatments are administered
  2. Random Assignment: use impersonal chance to assign experimental units to treatments. Crests roughly equivalent groups
  3. Replication: use enough units so any differences can be distinguished
34
Q

Placebo Effect

A

A dummy treatment. Assure the distribution of treatments is the same and subjects don’t know which treatment they are receiving.

35
Q

Double-blind

A

Neither subjects or those who interact and measure the response variable know which treatment a subject receives.

36
Q

Single-blind

A

Subjects know which treatment they are receiving but individuals who interact with them don’t

37
Q

Statistically Significant

A

An observed effect so large it would rarely occur by chance

38
Q

Block

A

A group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments

39
Q

Randomized Block Design

A

The random assignment of experimental units to the treatments is carried out separately within each block.

40
Q

Matched Pair Design

A

Create blocks by matching pairs if similar experimental units. 1 member gets 1 treatment first and the other member the other treatment

AP Stats Ch. 4 Vocab (1 decks)

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