AP Stat Summer Work Flashcards

1
Q

Individuals

A

the objects described by a set of data

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2
Q

Variable

A

any characteristics, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted

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3
Q

Categorical Variable

A

one that has two or more categories, but there is no intrinsic ordering to the categories

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4
Q

Quantitative Variable

A

take numerical values and represent some kind of measurement

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5
Q

Discrete Variables

A

a variable whose value is obtained by counting

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6
Q

Continuous

A

one in which data can take on any value within a specified range

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7
Q

Univariate Data

A

a type of data which consists of observations on only a single characteristic or attribute

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8
Q

Bivariate Data

A

a type of inferential statistics that deals with the relationship between two variables

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9
Q

Population

A

a set of similar items or events which is of interest for some question or experiment

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10
Q

Sample

A

a smaller, manageable version of a larger group

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11
Q

Census

A

a survey conducted on the full set of observation objects belonging to a given population or universe

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12
Q

Distribution

A

simply a collection of data, or scores, on a variable

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13
Q

Inference

A

the process of drawing conclusions about an underlying population based on a sample or subset of the data

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14
Q

Frequency Table

A

a method of organizing raw data in a compact form by displaying a series of scores in ascending or descending order

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15
Q

Relative Frequency

A

the number of times the event occurs divided by the total number of trials

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16
Q

Table

A

showing the values of the cumulative distribution functions

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17
Q

Round-off Error

A

difference between the true value of the irrational number pie

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18
Q

Pie Chart

A

circular statistical graphical chart

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19
Q

Two-Way Table

A

useful tool for examining relationships between categorical variables

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20
Q

Marginal Distribution

A

the percentages out of totals

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21
Q

Conditional

A

to the chances that some outcome occurs given that another event has also occurred

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22
Q

Distribution

A

simply a collection of data, or scores, on a variable

23
Q

Segmented Bar Graph

A

a type of stacked bar chart

24
Q

Side-by side Bar

A

focus on the sub-category comparison on the second dimension

25
Q

Graph

A

the pictorial representation of statistical data in graphical form

26
Q

Association

A

any relationship between two measured quantities that renders them statistically dependent

27
Q

Simpson’s Paradox

A

an effect that occurs when the marginal association between two categorical variables is qualitatively different from the partial association between the same two variables after controlling for one or more other variables

28
Q

Dotplot

A

a graphical display of data using dots

29
Q

Shape

A

describe the distribution (or pattern) of the data within a dataset

30
Q

Mode

A

the most commonly observed value in a set of data

31
Q

Center

A

the mean (average) and the median

32
Q

Spread

A

describe how similar or varied the set of observed values are for a particular variable

33
Q

Range

A

the difference between the largest value and the smallest value

34
Q

Outlier

A

an observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a random sample from a population

35
Q

Symmetric

A

a type of distribution where the left side of the distribution mirrors the right side

36
Q

Skewed Right

A

the mean is typically greater than the median

37
Q

Skewed Left

A

the mean is less than the median

38
Q

Unimodal

A

a distribution with one clear peak or most frequent value

39
Q

Bimodal

A

two modes

40
Q

Multimodal

A

a probability distribution with more than one peak, or “mode”

41
Q

Stemplot

A

a technique used to classify either discrete or continuous variables

42
Q

Splitting Stem

A

each category is split into two (stem and leaf plot)

43
Q

Back-to-back Stem

A

Back-to-back stemplots are a graphic option for comparing data from two populations, stem and leaf plot of both side of the middle

44
Q

Plots

A

present the results of some statistical analysis of the data

45
Q

Histogram

A

a bar graph-like representation of data that buckets a range of outcomes into columns along the x-axis

46
Q

Mean

A

add together all of the numbers in a set and then divide the sum by the total count of numbers

47
Q

Median

A

the value separating the higher half from the lower half of a data sample, a population, or a probability distribution

48
Q

Interquartile Range(IQR)

A

first find the median (middle value) of the lower and upper half of the data

49
Q

Five- Number

A

the lower and upper quartiles, and the median

50
Q

Summary

A

description of the data- mean, median, mode, minimum value, maximum value, range, standard deviation

51
Q

Boxplot

A

a graph that gives you a good indication of how the values in the data are spread out

52
Q

Standard Deviation

A

a statistic that measures the dispersion of a dataset relative to its mean

53
Q

Variance

A

calculated as the average squared deviation of each number from the mean of a data set