AP Stat Summer Work Flashcards
Individuals
the objects described by a set of data
Variable
any characteristics, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted
Categorical Variable
one that has two or more categories, but there is no intrinsic ordering to the categories
Quantitative Variable
take numerical values and represent some kind of measurement
Discrete Variables
a variable whose value is obtained by counting
Continuous
one in which data can take on any value within a specified range
Univariate Data
a type of data which consists of observations on only a single characteristic or attribute
Bivariate Data
a type of inferential statistics that deals with the relationship between two variables
Population
a set of similar items or events which is of interest for some question or experiment
Sample
a smaller, manageable version of a larger group
Census
a survey conducted on the full set of observation objects belonging to a given population or universe
Distribution
simply a collection of data, or scores, on a variable
Inference
the process of drawing conclusions about an underlying population based on a sample or subset of the data
Frequency Table
a method of organizing raw data in a compact form by displaying a series of scores in ascending or descending order
Relative Frequency
the number of times the event occurs divided by the total number of trials
Table
showing the values of the cumulative distribution functions
Round-off Error
difference between the true value of the irrational number pie
Pie Chart
circular statistical graphical chart
Two-Way Table
useful tool for examining relationships between categorical variables
Marginal Distribution
the percentages out of totals
Conditional
to the chances that some outcome occurs given that another event has also occurred
Distribution
simply a collection of data, or scores, on a variable
Segmented Bar Graph
a type of stacked bar chart
Side-by side Bar
focus on the sub-category comparison on the second dimension
Graph
the pictorial representation of statistical data in graphical form
Association
any relationship between two measured quantities that renders them statistically dependent
Simpson’s Paradox
an effect that occurs when the marginal association between two categorical variables is qualitatively different from the partial association between the same two variables after controlling for one or more other variables
Dotplot
a graphical display of data using dots
Shape
describe the distribution (or pattern) of the data within a dataset
Mode
the most commonly observed value in a set of data
Center
the mean (average) and the median
Spread
describe how similar or varied the set of observed values are for a particular variable
Range
the difference between the largest value and the smallest value
Outlier
an observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a random sample from a population
Symmetric
a type of distribution where the left side of the distribution mirrors the right side
Skewed Right
the mean is typically greater than the median
Skewed Left
the mean is less than the median
Unimodal
a distribution with one clear peak or most frequent value
Bimodal
two modes
Multimodal
a probability distribution with more than one peak, or “mode”
Stemplot
a technique used to classify either discrete or continuous variables
Splitting Stem
each category is split into two (stem and leaf plot)
Back-to-back Stem
Back-to-back stemplots are a graphic option for comparing data from two populations, stem and leaf plot of both side of the middle
Plots
present the results of some statistical analysis of the data
Histogram
a bar graph-like representation of data that buckets a range of outcomes into columns along the x-axis
Mean
add together all of the numbers in a set and then divide the sum by the total count of numbers
Median
the value separating the higher half from the lower half of a data sample, a population, or a probability distribution
Interquartile Range(IQR)
first find the median (middle value) of the lower and upper half of the data
Five- Number
the lower and upper quartiles, and the median
Summary
description of the data- mean, median, mode, minimum value, maximum value, range, standard deviation
Boxplot
a graph that gives you a good indication of how the values in the data are spread out
Standard Deviation
a statistic that measures the dispersion of a dataset relative to its mean
Variance
calculated as the average squared deviation of each number from the mean of a data set
