AP !st LE Flashcards
Muddy brown urine casts with high urine protein are usually seen in _____.
A. Post-renal azotemia
B. Prerenal azotemia
C. Intrarenal azotemia
C. Intrarenal azotemia
Confirmatory tests require ______ to be certain of the diagnosis.
A.low specificity
B. low sensitivity
C. high specificity
D. high sensitivity
C. high specificity
A test with a higher sensitivity _______ a greater proportion of persons ______ disease.
A. identifies – without
B.excludes - without C.identifies – with D.excludes - with
C.identifies – with
The fundamental characteristics of TARGET AMPLIFICATION METHODS EXCEPT
A.The primers bind to complementary sequences on one strand of double-stranded targets.
B.The amplification products in all the techniques are defined by two oligonucleotide primers.
C.They are enzyme-mediated processes that synthesize copies of target nucleic acid.
D.All produce millions to billions of copies of the targeted sequence in a matter of hours
A.The primers bind to complementary sequences on one strand of double-stranded targets.
Amniocentesis can be typically done during this period of gestation:
A.between 18-20 weeks
B.between 16 and18 weeks
C.between 20 - 28 weeks D.between 14 and16 weeks
B.between 16 and18 weeks
The postanalytic evaluation process, on the clinical significance of the Laboratory Test result, includes the following:
A.critical values
B.delta checks
C.reference ranges
D.linearity ranges
E.pretest and posttest probability F.1st, 3rd, & 5th choices only
G. 2nd & 4th choices only
H.All of the above
F.1st, 3rd, & 5th choices only
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), which provides tissue from the developing placenta is obtained by the transabdominal or transvaginal procedure, performed at _______ gestation.
A.18 – 22 weeks
B.14 to 18 weeks
C.10 to 14 weeks
D.22-26 weeks
C.10 to 14 weeks
The methods of extraction, storage, and handling of nucleic acid molecules, depends on the type of the tissue from where they were extracted.
A. True
B. False
B. False
In virus, the main enzyme responsible for synthesizing a double helix complementary DNA strand (cDNA) from RNA is___:
A.ribonuclease H
B.RNA polymerase
C.reverse transcriptase
D.integrase
C.reverse transcriptase
The major cause of simultaneous elevation of prothrombin time & activated partial thromboplastin time is _______.
A.Coumadin therapy
B.Combined Heparin & Coumadin therapy
C.Heparin therapy
D.Disseminated intravascular coagulation
E.Coagulation Factor Deficiency
D.Disseminated intravascular coagulation
A frequent cause of inadequate samples is the presence of high concentrations of interfering substances in the specimen such as in the following conditions: A.Lipemia
B.Hemolysis
C.Gammopathies
D.Icterus
E.1st, & 3rd choices only
F.2nd & 4th choices only
G.All of the above
G.All of the above
How are cytosines connected to guanines?
A.10 hydrogen bonds
B.2 hydrogen bonds
C.3 hydrogen bonds
D.25 hydrogen bonds
C.3 hydrogen bonds
It is the process of comparing a current laboratory result with results obtained on a previous specimen from the same patient. A.critical values
B.delta checks
C.reference ranges
D.linearity ranges
E.pretest and posttest probability F,1st, 3rd, & 5th choices only
G.2nd & 4th choices only
H.All of the above
B.delta checks
These cells can be cultivated and made to undergo more than twice but a limited number of divisions before senescence by adding cytokines and lectins to the growth media.
A.Neutrophils
B.gastrointestinal mucosal cells C.nasal epithelial cells D.fibroblasts E.Lymphocytes
A.Neutrophils
These are laboratory results that may represent a life-threatening situation that may not otherwise be readily detectable.
A.critical values
B.delta checks
C.reference ranges
D.linearity ranges
E.pretest and posttest probability
A.critical values
The usual blood gas picture in a patient with diabetes mellitus. A.Metabolic alkalosis
B.Respiratory acidosis
C.Metabolic acidosis
D.Respiratory alkalosis
C.Metabolic acidosis
Osler’s rule
A.For patients under the age of 60 years, try to attribute all abnormal laboratory findings to a single cause.
B.Never rely on a single out-of-reference range value to make a diagnosis.
C.Only if there is no possible way to correlate all abnormal findings should the possibility of multiple diagnoses be entertained.
D.1st & 3rd choices only
E.1st & 2nd choices only
F.All of the above
D.1st & 3rd choices only
Which findings would be diagnostic of a severe liver failure?
Choices: Decreased Increased
serum bilirubin
increased
Which findings would be diagnostic of a severe liver failure?
Choices: Decreased Increased
total protein
decreased
Which findings would be diagnostic of a severe liver failure?
Choices: Decreased Increased
De Ritis ratio
increased
Which findings would be diagnostic of a severe liver failure?
Choices: Decreased Increased
Lactate Dehydrogenase
increased
A patient complaining of dizziness has the following Lab results below. Microcytic Normocytic erythrocytes; Normal serum iron/total Iron binding capacity ratio; Decreased red cell count; Normal iron binding capacity; Decreased serum iron; Normal red cell distribution width; High ferritin. What is the most probable diagnosis?
A.Anemia of Chronic Disease B.Renal Failure C.Aplastic Anemia D.Iron Deficiency Anemia E.Hemolytic Anemia F.Megaloblastic Anemia
A.Anemia of Chronic Disease
Which findings would be diagnostic of massive muscle tissue necrosis?
Myoglobin - increase
Potassium - increase
Creatine Kinase (CK) - increase
A jaundiced patient with all high serum enzymes & bilirubin, but normal protein, is most likely to have _____.
A.Obstructed cystic duct B.Inflamed liver
C.Hemolytic anemia
D.Hepatoma
B.Inflamed liver
MOLECULAR TESTS for Disease Detection
Choices:
gene expression profiling & DNA sequencing
HIV-1 RNA & HBV DNA & HCV RNA CMV
cytokines in inflammation
M tuberculosis
MACROARRAYS - cytokines in inflammation
MOLECULAR TESTS for Disease Detection
Choices:
gene expression profiling & DNA sequencing
HIV-1 RNA & HBV DNA & HCV RNA CMV
cytokines in inflammation
M tuberculosis
HYBRIDIZATION LINE-BLOT REVERS E - M tuberculosis
MOLECULAR TESTS for Disease Detection
Choices:
gene expression profiling & DNA sequencing
HIV-1 RNA & HBV DNA & HCV RNA CMV
cytokines in inflammation
M tuberculosis
ASSAYS CAPTURE HYBRID - CMV
MOLECULAR TESTS for Disease Detection
Choices:
gene expression profiling & DNA sequencing
HIV-1 RNA & HBV DNA & HCV RNA CMV
cytokines in inflammation
M tuberculosis
MICROARRAYS OLIGONUCLEOTIDE- gene expression profiling & DNA sequencing
Which findings would be diagnostic of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) in a patient with fulminant liver failure?
Choices:
Decreased
Increased
activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
increased
Which findings would be diagnostic of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) in a patient with fulminant liver failure?
Choices:
Decreased
Increased
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
increased
Which findings would be diagnostic of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) in a patient with fulminant liver failure?
Choices:
Decreased
Increased
D-dimer
increased
Which findings would be diagnostic of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) in a patient with fulminant liver failure?
Choices:
Decreased
Increased
platelet counts
decreased
Factors That Influence Reference Ranges:
Choices:
inter-individual variation
pre-analytical factor with physician as specimen collector
analyst & laboratory factor
A.time between receipt of specimen and analysis
pre-analytical factor with physician as specimen collector
Factors That Influence Reference Ranges:
Choices:
inter-individual variation
pre-analytical factor with physician as specimen collector
analyst & laboratory factor
B.exposure to environmental
inter-individual variation
Factors That Influence Reference Ranges:
Choices:
inter-individual variation
pre-analytical factor with physician as specimen collector
analyst & laboratory factor
C.time between specimen collection and specimen endorsement
pre-analytical factor with physician as specimen collector
Factors That Influence Reference Ranges:
Choices:
inter-individual variation
pre-analytical factor with physician as specimen collector
analyst & laboratory factor
D.sample transport
inter-individual variation
Factors That Influence Reference Ranges:
Choices:
inter-individual variation
pre-analytical factor with physician as specimen collector
analyst & laboratory factor
E.type of laboratory methods
analyst & laboratory factor
In the documentation of panic values, the following information should be written & recorded except:
A.name of patient
B.title or position of the caregiver who is notified
C.the time and date of notification
D.the read-back by the health care worker
E.critical value F.name of caregiver G.All except 1st & 5th choices
H.All except 2nd & 6th choices
I.No exception
I.No exception
The most common site for cervical neoplastic changes. A.Cervical-vaginal junction
B.Endometrial-endocervical junction C.Endocervical-exocervical junction
C.Endocervical-exocervical junction
A “Normal of Negative FNAC” report means:
A.the absence of any disease
B.the Physician could have missed the tumor location
C.the tumor could be fibrotic & less cellular
D.the tumor could be predominantly fluid with scarce cells
E.last 3 choices only F.All of the above
F.All of the above
This factor on the part of the Clinician affects greatly the accuracy of the cytologic examination: A.sample collection B.interpretation of smears C.patient & sample preparation D.staining of the material
E.1st & 3rd choices only
F.2nd & 4th choices only
E.1st & 3rd choices only
Obtaining specimens from the vaginal posterior fornix is an example of ___. A.aspiration cytology
B.exfoliative cytology C.abrasive cytology
B.exfoliative cytology
Sputum collection for Tuberculosis must be collected this number of times before proclaiming a patient as Negative:
A.One time only if chest X-ray is negative
B.Twice in any day for a week
C.Once daily x 3 consecutive days D.Thrice in one day 4 hours apart
C.Once daily x 3 consecutive days
Rhonda K. Roby, a major author on DNA analysis for identification, traced the 1st ever recorded parentage argument to the time of the King who was granted _____.
A.King Solomon, God gave him much with wisdom and riches
B.the gene for being genius
C.divine wisdom confirm
D.doctorate degree in counseling
E.scholarly wisdom
C.divine wisdom confirm
Uses of DNA analysis includes:
A.inclusion or exclusion of crime suspect
B.help answer specimen mix-ups in the Lab
C.inclusion or exclusion of paternity claims D.reconstruction of families
E.1st & 3rd choices only
F.2nd & 4th choices only
G.All of the above
G.All of the above
DNA is useful as marker because____> A.it is present in all cells of the body
B.it has the same structure in each body cell
C.it could withstand most environmental insults
D.its testing is very sensitive when replication enzyme is used
E.1st & 2nd choices only
F.3rd & 4th choices only
G.All of the above
G.All of the above
This DNA can be retrieved from calcified postmortem bone even for centuries.
A.nuclear DNA B.nucleoid DNA C.mitochondrial DNA
C.mitochondrial DNA
Paternity can be proven by the following tests:
A.laboratory chemical testing of blood & body fluids for child & alleged father B.blood typing of child & alleged father C.DNA analysis
D.2nd & 3rd choices only
E.All of the above
D.2nd & 3rd choices only
The methods of extraction, storage, and handling of nucleic acid molecules, depends on the type of the tissue from where they were extracted .
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
What do these Molecular Testing detect?
thrombophilia mutations (Factor II, Factor V, MTHFR 677, and MTHFR 1298 genotypes
HIV-1 RNA & HBV DNA & HCV RNA
CMV
Mycoplasma pneumoniae & Bordetella pertussis. influenza A and B viruses
CLEAVASE/INVADER TECHNOLOGY
thrombophilia mutations (Factor II, Factor V, MTHFR 677, and MTHFR 1298 genotypes
What do these Molecular Testing detect?
thrombophilia mutations (Factor II, Factor V, MTHFR 677, and MTHFR 1298 genotypes
HIV-1 RNA & HBV DNA & HCV RNA
CMV
Mycoplasma pneumoniae & Bordetella pertussis. influenza A and B viruses
LOOP-MEDIATED AMPLIFICATION (LAMP)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae & Bordetella pertussis
What do these Molecular Testing detect?
thrombophilia mutations (Factor II, Factor V, MTHFR 677, and MTHFR 1298 genotypes
HIV-1 RNA & HBV DNA & HCV RNA
CMV
Mycoplasma pneumoniae & Bordetella pertussis. influenza A and B viruses
NICKING ENZYME AMPLIFICATION REACTION (NEAR)
influenza A and B viruses
In Transcription, the antisense strand is the__.
template strand & non-coding strand???
non-template strand & non-coding strand
template strand & coding strand
non-template strand & coding strand
non-template strand & coding strand
