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AP Review Flashcards

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1
Q

8000 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
Mediterranean Europe
Important Political Facts

A

-Ancient Greeks had a decentralized city state structure.
-Athens first to establish a democracy.
-Imperial Rome had a centralized Empire
Caesar Augustus starts Pax Romana

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2
Q

8000 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
Mediterranean Europe
Important Social Facts

A
  • Greek citizens dominate slaves
  • Women status low in Athens, higher in Sparta
  • Alexander the Great spreads culture throughout Hellenistic world
  • Rome continues spread of Western culture
  • Government and laws biggest lasting effects
  • Roman citizens dominate slaves
  • Patrician citizens more important than plebian citizens
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3
Q

8000 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
Mediterranean Europe
Important Economic Facts

A
  • Greeks dominate trade in Mediterranean first
  • Roman control Mediterranean next
  • Silk roads used by Hellenistic Greece and Rome
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4
Q

8000 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
Mesoamerica and
Andean America
Important Political Facts

A
  • Olmec developed in southern Mexico
  • Maya civilization that followed in Yucatan Peninsula
  • Maya had a decentralized city-state structure
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5
Q

8000 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
Mesoamerica and
Andean America
Important Social Facts

A
  • Olmec carved huge stone heads
  • Maya polytheistic religion encourages math and astronomy skill
  • Ball games, sacrifice, and calendar follow
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6
Q

8000 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
Mesoamerica and
Andean America
Important Economic Facts

A

-Olmec and Maya regionally trade jade and obsidian

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7
Q

8000 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
Middle East & North Africa
Important Political Facts

A
  • Sumerian city states develop in Fertile Crescent (Tigris & Euphrates)
  • Hammurabi’s code gives laws that apply to everyone
  • Egypt creates a theocracy in the Nile River valley
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8
Q

8000 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
Middle East & North Africa
Important Social Facts

A
  • Sumerian and Egyptian culture polytheistic
  • Egyptian belief in afterlife led to construction of Pyramids
  • Judaism and Christianity develop in Palestine
  • Christianity develops from Judaism– both monotheistic
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9
Q

8000 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
Middle East & North Africa
Important Economic Facts

A

-Both cultures trade along their river valleys

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10
Q

8000 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
Sub Saharan Africa
Important Political Facts

A

-Bantu evolved in West Africa around modern day Nigeria

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11
Q

8000 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
Sub Saharan Africa
Important Social Facts

A
  • Migrated east and south
  • Spread language, culture, and agriculture throughout Sub-Sahara Africa
  • Animism the predominate religion
  • Judaism and Christianity in Ethiopia
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12
Q

8000 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
South Asia
Important Political Facts

A
  • Indus (Harappan) civilization develops in Pakistan
  • Chandragupta Maurya founds Mauryan Empire around 320 BCE
  • Asoka leads the Mauryan to its height
  • Chandra Gupta founds the Gupta Empire about 320 C.E.
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13
Q

8000 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
South Asia
Important Social Facts

A
  • Caste system and Hinduism develop after fall of Indus
  • Adherence to caste rules key to good karma
  • Good karma key to better reincarnation and eventually moksha
  • Buddhism develops from Hinduism in Nepal
  • Siddhartha Gautama wants to end suffering by ending desire
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14
Q

8000 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
South Asia
Important Economic Facts

A
  • Silk Roads allow India to trade with China and Mediterranean
  • Spices, Gems, and Cotton make India an economic powerhouse
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15
Q

8000 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
East Asia
Important Political Facts

A
  • Yellow River Valley civilization first in China
  • Zhou Dynasty starts Mandate of Heaven
  • Qin Shihuangdi unifies China and builds Great Wall
  • Han Dynasty Golden Age of Classical China
  • Bureaucracy of Han best in world
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16
Q

8000 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
East Asia
Important Social Facts

A
  • Confucianism develops in chaotic times of late Zhou period
  • Order is restored with responsibility and loyalty
  • Daoism believes in harmony with nature
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17
Q

8000 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
East Asia
Important Economic Facts

A
  • Silk and Porcelain production is a closely guarded state secret
  • Silk Roads generate tremendous wealth for China
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18
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
Mesoamerica and
Andean America
Important Political Facts

A
  • Maya decline during this time period
  • Aztec develop a large empire in central Mexico
  • Large military used for capturing people of surrounding area for sacrifice
  • Inca control a multicultural empire in the Andes
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19
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
Mesoamerica and
Andean America
Important Social Facts

A
  • Warlike gods of Aztec leads to mass sacrifice
  • Inca road system improve communications
  • Knotted ropes called Quipu keep Inca records
  • Inca religious city of Machu Picchu shows engineering ability
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20
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
Mesoamerica and
Andean America
Important Economic Facts

A
  • Aztecs trade throughout Mexico

- Inca road system allows easy trading throughout the Andes

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21
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
Middle East & North Africa
Important Political Facts

A
  • Islam unifies Middle East
  • Arabs control Middle East under Abbasid Caliphate
  • Turks control Middle East under Ottoman Empire
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22
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
Middle East & North Africa
Important Social Facts

A
  • Muslim Golden Age leads to advances in science and architecture
  • Baghdad and its library center, Cairo still important
  • Muslims tolerate Christians and Jews
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23
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
Middle East & North Africa
Important Economic Facts

A
  • Middle East dominates trade throughout the Indian Ocean
  • Controls trade between Europe and Asia
  • Trade brings great wealth to Arab and Ottoman Empires
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24
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
Western Europe
Important Political Facts

A
  • Fall of Rome leads to the Middle Ages
  • Decentralized system of feudalism develops
  • Church provides political stability in Europe
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25
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
Western Europe
Important Social Facts

A
  • Strict social structure in Feudalism
  • Life centered around Church and focused on afterlife
  • Learning only found in monasteries
  • Crusades launched to recapture the Holy Land fails
  • Knowledge brought back from Middle East leads to Renaissance
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26
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
Western Europe
Important Economic Facts

A
  • Cities disappear after collapse of Rome
  • Manor system creates local economic activity only
  • Contact with Arabs during Crusades restarts long distance trade
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27
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
Sub-Saharan Africa
Important Political Facts

A
  • Swahili City States of East Africa decentralized
  • Sudanic Empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai dominate West Africa
  • Muslim traveler Ibn Battuta says Mali best governed place in world
  • Great Zimbabwe a powerhouse in the South
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28
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
Sub-Saharan Africa
Important Social Facts

A
  • Islam spreads to East and West Africa
  • Swahili city states convert because of trade with Arabia
  • Sudanic states convert because of trade with North Africa
  • Mansa Musa makes Timbuktu the cultural center of Mali
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29
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
Sub-Saharan Africa
Important Economic Facts

A
  • Swahili trade gold, ivory, and slaves with Middle East

- Ghana, Mali, and then Songhai control Gold Salt trade with N. Africa

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30
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
Eastern Europe
Important Political Facts

A
  • Byzantine Empire replaces fallen Roman Empire in the East
  • Uses diplomacy to stay relevant for another 1000 years
  • Falls in 1453 to Ottoman Turks
  • Muscovy influenced by Byzantine Empire
  • Russia behind west after 200 year isolation from Mongol rule
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31
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
Eastern Europe
Important Social Facts

A
  • Russia adopts Greek alphabet and religion from Byzantium

- Moscow claims title of third Rome after fall of Constantinople

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32
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
Eastern Europe
Important Economic Facts

A
  • Byzantium a major trading power
  • Decreases with growing strength of Arabs and Turks
  • Russia trades more with west by the 1400s
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33
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
Southeast Asia
Important Political Facts

A
  • Burma heavily influenced by India
  • India influences state of Angkor in present day Thailand
  • Vietnam heavily influenced by Tang China
34
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
Southeast Asia
Important Social Facts

A
  • Hindu culture shows in temples of Angkor Wat
  • Buddhism spreads to Thailand and Indochina
  • Islam spreads to Malay Peninsula and Indonesia
35
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
Southeast Asia
Important Economic Facts

A
  • Heavy trade between China and India & Middle East

- Much of this pasts through S.E. Asia by land or Sea

36
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
South Asia
Important Political Facts

A
  • Muslim Turks conquer Northern India to establish Delhi Sultanate
  • Timerlane burns Delhi to the ground
37
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
South Asia
Important Social Facts

A
  • Hindu caste system still strong amongst majority
  • Delhi Sultanate establishes Muslim minority rule
  • Muslims look down on Hindu subjects
38
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
South Asia
Important Economic Facts

A
  • India’s vast trading goods make it one of the wealthiest regions
  • Gold, gems, spices, cotton
  • India center of Silk Roads and Ocean trade
39
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
East Asia
Important Political Facts

A
  • Tang and Song Dynasties best run governments in world
  • Civil service examination creates effective bureaucracy
  • Ming Dynasty replaces Mongol rule of 1200s
  • Heian Period of Japan stable and fairly centralized
  • Decentralization leads to Feudal period of Japan
  • Japanese emperor figure head while shoguns in charge
40
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
East Asia
Important Social Facts

A
  • Scholar officials high status in Tang and Song
  • Buddhism combines with Confucianism to create Neo-Confucianism
  • Status of women low in China and Japan due to Neo-Confucianism
  • Feudal Japan has rigid class system
41
Q

600 C.E. - 1450
East Asia
Important Economic Facts

A
  • Tang and Song wealthy from trade with India and Middle East
  • Pax Mongolia increases trade throughout Asia
  • Zheng He shows wealth of China with voyages in Indian Ocean
42
Q

1450 - 1750
Latin America
Important Political Facts

A
  • Arrival of Columbus leads to decline of Meso and Andean civilizations
  • Cortes uses alliances, diseases, and guns to defeat Aztecs
  • Pissarro exploits civil war and road system to defeat Inca
  • Spanish rule Mexico from Mexico City and Peru from Lima
  • Treaty of Tordesillas gives Portugal Brazil
43
Q

1450 - 1750
Latin America
Important Social Facts

A
  • Columbian Exchange connects Americas to rest of world
  • Potato and tobacco to Europe and Africa
  • Grains, livestock, and diseases to Americas
  • Small pox kills Indians– importation of slaves results
  • Encomienda system creates rigid labor system
  • Penninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Indians, and Slaves
44
Q

1450 - 1750
Latin America
Important Economic Facts

A
  • Mining of silver and cultivation of sugar dominates Latin A. economy
  • Triangular Trade– Sugar to Europe, Guns to Africa, Slaves to L.A.
  • Mercantilism depletes Americas of raw materials
45
Q

1450 - 1750
Middle East & North Africa
Important Political Facts

A

-Ottoman Empire under Mehmet II conquers Constantinople
-Reaches apex under Suleiman and failed Siege of Vienna
-Loss of Asian trading monopoly and failure to reform and modernize
Janissaries resistant to any political reform
-Battle of Lepanto (against Spain) ends Ottoman power in Mediterranean
-Ottomans significantly weaker than European nations by 1750

46
Q

1450 - 1750
Middle East & North Africa
Important Social Facts

A
  • Large conversions of Balkans to Islam

- Causes religious problems in 1990s (Bosnia and Kosovo)

47
Q

1450 - 1750
Middle East & North Africa
Important Economic Facts

A
  • Ottomans totally control Europe/Asia trade after fall of Constantinople
  • Short lived as Europeans find sea routes 50 years later
  • Spanish silver floods Ottoman Empire causing inflation
  • Loss of middleman status economic catastrophe
48
Q

1450 - 1750
Western Europe
Important Political Facts

A
  • Feudalism weakens and leads to kings centralizing power
  • Religious wars resulting from Reformation leads to absolutism
  • Absolutism provides security at the cost of freedom
  • Peace and prosperity lead to people wanting more freedoms
  • Enlightenment questions the unchecked power of absolute monarchs
49
Q

1450 - 1750
Western Europe
Important Social Facts

A
  • Corruption of Church leads to Reformation
  • Church permanently weakened with Protestantism and secularism of Renaissance
  • Scientific Revolution leads to many discoveries that improve life
50
Q

1450 - 1750
Western Europe
Important Economic Facts

A
  • Questioning spirit of Renaissance leads to Age of Exploration
  • Age of Exploration leads to Commercial Revolution
  • Commercial Revolution creates a new middle class of merchants/bankers
  • Mercantilism and Capitalism rapidly increase wealth of Europe
  • Portugal and Spain first, then England and France
51
Q

1450 - 1750
Sub-Saharan Africa
Important Political Facts

A
  • Moroccan army ends last Sudanic Empire of Songhai
  • West Africa in constant war due to Triangular Trade
  • Afsono of Kongo complacent in Portuguese slave trade at first
  • Afonso (and other rulers) try unsuccessfully to stop it later
  • DaGama subdues the Swahili City States
  • Dutch control the strategically important Cape town in South Africa
52
Q

1450 - 1750
Sub-Saharan Africa
Important Social Facts

A
  • Population decreases with 12 million Africans sold into slavery
  • New World foods like potato bring population back up
  • More women than men in west Africa due to slave trade
53
Q

1450 - 1750
Sub-Saharan Africa
Important Economic Facts

A
  • Triangular Trade at the center of African economy

- Raw materials begin to be exploited by Europeans

54
Q

1450 - 1750
South Asia
Important Political Facts

A
  • Afghan prince Babur conquers Northern India
  • Establishes Mughal Empire
  • Akbar strengthens Mughal Empire
  • Declines after rule of Aurangzeb
  • British slowly begin to colonize India
55
Q

1450 - 1750
South Asia
Important Social Facts

A
  • Religious toleration of Akbar leads to a peaceful and wealthy society
  • Shan Jahan’s Taj Mahal blends Hindu and Muslim architecture
  • Akbar’s tolerant policies reversed by Aurangzeb
  • Muslim rulers oppressing Hindu majority weakens empire
56
Q

1450 - 1750
South Asia
Important Economic Facts

A
  • Mughal Empire richest in the world

- British start to control Indian trade by 1750

57
Q

1450 - 1750
East Asia
Important Political Facts

A

-Contact with Europeans allows Ming access to Columbian Exchange
-Shortly after Ming turn to isolationism
-Ming decline gives rise to Manchu
-Nurhaci establishes Qing Dynasty
-Korea becomes vassal state
-Japan’s period of Warring States ends with Tokugawa Shogunate
Tokugawa enacts policy of isolationism

58
Q

1450 - 1750
East Asia
Important Social Facts

A
  • Court eunuchs, foot binding weaken China
  • Christian missionaries looked on with suspicion in China and Japan
  • Tokugawa government kills all Christians under Act of Seclusion
59
Q

1450 - 1750
East Asia
Important Economic Facts

A
  • Spanish silver from Manila galleons floods China
  • Both China and Japan close most trade to foreigners
  • Dutch only Europeans to get trading rights
60
Q

1450 - 1750
Eastern Europe
Important Political Facts

A
  • Ivan the Terrible crowned first Czar of Russia
  • Peter the Great Westernizes Russia in an effort to catch up
  • Enlightened Despot Catherine the Great expands empire
61
Q

1450 - 1750
Eastern Europe
Important Social Facts

A
  • Byzantine culture replaced with western culture under Peter the Great
  • Orthodox Church still very important to all Russians
  • Life of serfs extremely difficult
62
Q

1450 - 1750
Eastern Europe
Important Economic Facts

A
  • Search for warm water port to Europe goal of Peter
  • St. Petersburg is Russia’s window to the West
  • Catherine the Great gains access to Black Sea
63
Q

1450 - 1750
Southeast Asia
Important Political Facts

A
  • Magellen dies fighting in Philippines and gives Spain claim to island
  • Portuguese control spice trade early in period
  • Dutch control spice trade in Indonesia later
64
Q

1450 - 1750
Southeast Asia
Important Social Facts

A
  • Philippines converted to Catholicism
  • Dutch do not attempt to convert Indonesians
  • Most people in Southeast Asia dominated by European traders
65
Q

1450 - 1750
Southeast Asia
Important Economic Facts

A
  • European mercantilism takes cash crops like sugar and spices
  • Manila is the Spanish economic hub on Asia
  • Europeans fight in Southeast Asia for control of spice trade
66
Q

1750 - 1900
Mesoamerica and Andean America
Important Political Facts

A

–Enlightenment ideas and Napoleonic conquests reach L.A.
–Led to independence movements in Latin America
–Toussaint L’Ovuverture frees Saint Domingue (Haiti) from France
–Brazil accepts Portuguese king’s brother as ruler of independent nation
–San Martin and Bolivar oust Spanish rulers in South America
–Monroe Doctrine keeps Europeans imperialism out of L.A.

67
Q

1750 - 1900
Mesoamerica and Andean America
Important Social Facts

A

–Spanish rule replaced with Creole dictatorships
–Transatlantic slave trade ends but slavery still in L.A. decades longer
–Italians migrated as seasonal laborers
–Indians and Chinese migrated as indentured servants

68
Q

1750 - 1900
Mesoamerica and Andean America
Important Economic Facts

A

–Lack of industrialization in Latin America
–Heavy investment from the U.S. and Europe
–Dependent on Western desire of cash crops and raw materials

69
Q

1750 - 1900
Western Europe
Important Political Facts

A

–France under Napoleon dominates Europe then steadily declines
–Britain controls 33% of the world’s land and 25% of its people
–Britain’s wealth and power make 19th century the British century
–Germany’s military might and industrial power threaten Britain by 1900

70
Q

1750 - 1900
Western Europe
Important Social Facts

A

–Wealth and political power shift from aristocracy to the bourgeoisie
–Mechanization of agriculture forces peasants to factories for jobs
–Miserable working conditions of proletariat inspire Communism
–Labor laws and unions eventually improve working class conditions

71
Q

1750 - 1900
Western Europe
Important Economic Facts

A

–Industrialization creates thirst for raw materials and new markets
–Need leads to the Age of Imperialism
–Almost all Asian/African countries fall under the control of Europeans
–Japan, Siam, Ethiopia, and Liberia are exceptions
–Wealth from Europe dominates the world
–Raw materials flow into Europe, high cost manufactured goods flow out

72
Q

1750 - 1900
Sub- Saharan Africa
Important Political Facts

A

–Berlin Conference divides up Africa along natural boundaries
–Zulu Nation fights off British for a while
–European technology too much for Africans to fight against
–Ethiopia fights off Italy to remain only independent county in Africa
–Africans in Congo treated brutally by Belgian rulers

73
Q

1750 - 1900
Sub- Saharan Africa
Important Social Facts

A

–Colonies divide tribes and force enemies to live together
–Natural rather than tribal boundaries leads to constant warfare
–British establish settlements in South Africa
–Indians migrated to southern Africa to mine gold and diamonds

74
Q

1750 - 1900
Sub- Saharan Africa
Important Economic Facts

A

–Congo Rubber, W. African Palm Oil, E. African Ivory
–Colonies provide raw materials for European industrialization
–British fight Afrikaners for control of gold/ diamonds in S. Africa
–Britain tries to control Africa from Cairo to Cape Town

75
Q

1750 - 1900
Middle East and North Africa
Important Political Facts

A

–Ottoman Empire known as Sick Man of Europe
–Tanzimât Reforms fail to modernized the Ottoman Empire
–Muhammad Ali’s rule in Egypt semi– independent from Ottomans
–Eastern Question; European powers don’t know what to do with Ottoman Empire
–Britain & France stop Russian advance in Ottoman E. in Crimean War

76
Q

1750 - 1900
Middle East and North Africa
Important Social Facts

A

–France established settler colony in Algeria

–Resentment of Ottoman rule leads to independent states in Balkans

77
Q

1750 - 1900
Middle East and North Africa
Important Economic Facts

A

–Russia & Britain play Great Game for control of Afghanistan & Iran
–French build and English take control of Suez Canal
–Ottoman Empire forced to accept European control of economy

78
Q

1750 - 1900
Eastern Europe
Important Political Facts

A

–The Austrian Empire expands at the expense of the Ottomans
–Slowly breaks up due to nationalism by the end of the period
–Balkan nations like Greece and Serbia (partial) get independence from Ottomans
–Czar Alexander II starts off liberal but becomes more conservative over time
–His assassination leads to a police state in Russia by 1900

79
Q

1750 - 1900
Eastern Europe
Important Social Facts

A

–Hungary get more autonomy within the Austrian Empire
–Austrian controlled Balkans become very unstable- the Power Keg of Europe
–Alexander II emancipates Russian serfs in 1861

80
Q

1750 - 1900
Eastern Europe
Important Economic Facts

A

–Industrialization did not occur in Eastern Europe
–Russia tries to catch up but never catches up completely
–Eastern European countries have to sell food to Western countries to get money

AP world history (1 decks)

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