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Study Decks > AP Psychology Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology > Flashcards

AP Psychology Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

combined physiology and philosophy to create psychology and established the first psychology lab in Germany (1879). He believed in introspection and structuralism.

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2
Q

Structuralism

A

structure is more important than function. Structuralists believed that the mind must be broken into elements to understand the brain and its functions.

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3
Q

introspection

A

the examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes

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4
Q

Functionalism

A

created to understand how the conscious mind is related to behavior. Functionalists, such as William James, wanted to know how the mind affected what people did.

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5
Q

Wiliam James

A

A functionalist who wanted to know hoe the mind affected what people did

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6
Q

Early Behaviorism

A

study of observable events. This theory shifted psychology from a study of the unconscious and conscious mind to a more science-based study based on observable events.

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7
Q

John Watson

A

behaviorist psychologist who studied observable behaviors and led the Little Albert experiment, where he trained an 11-month-old boy to fear a white rat The boy was not initially afraid of the rat, but when the white rat was paired with a loud sound the boy would show signs of distress. Eventually, the boy began to cry when just seeing the white rat without the sound. Watson believed that observable events are the only events that can be proven true, unlike studying the conscious, where results are not verifiable.

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8
Q

Gestalt

A

The whole is different than the sum of its parts. Gestalt psychology looks at the mind and behavior as a whole. It suggests that human minds do not focus on small components. Instead, humans see the greater whole

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9
Q

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic (approach)

A

focuses on the study of the unconscious mind. It states that behavior is determined by past experiences stored in the unconscious mind. Sigmund Freud is the key individual that used this approach and he built his theories based on it.

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10
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

The key individual that focused on unconsious mind and built his theories upon Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic

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11
Q

Humanistic approach

A

humans have free will and the ability to grow. All individuals are striving to reach self-actualization with this approach.

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12
Q

Evolutionary (approach)

A

uses evolutionary biology to explain human behavior. Also, it looks at how the natural selection of traits promotes the survival of genes. An evolutionary psychologist may study how anger could be a gene inherited from our ancestors.

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13
Q

Biological (perspective)

A

behavior is based on physical processes such as those relating to the brain, hormones, and other chemicals.

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14
Q

cognitive (approach)

A

thought processes impact the way people behave. A cognitive psychologist may study how an emotion such as fear affects one’s thinking.

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15
Q

biopsychosocial (perspective)

A

acknowledges the person as a whole and tries to look at all of the patient’s circumstances. It looks at biological, psychological, and social factors to understand a person’s behavior.

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16
Q

sociocultural (approach)

A

studies how thinking and behavior vary across cultures and situations. A sociocultural psychologist may study how expressions of fear vary across cultures.

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17
Q

Biological psychology

A

physical processes shape behavior. For example, a biological psychologist might say that anger is due to a certain hormonal balance in the brain.

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18
Q

Clinical psychology

A

section of psychology focused on assessing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.

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19
Q

cognitive psychology

A

studies the mental processes associated with thinking, knowing, and communicating.

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20
Q

counseling psychology

A

focuses on personal issues that are not classified as mental disorders. These types of therapists help people cope with challenges and crises in life. For example, they can help a student with social or academic struggles. They could even help an individual with marital issues.

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21
Q

developmental psychology

A

studies social, physical, and cognitive changes throughout the lifespan. So, they study from “womb to tomb.”

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22
Q

educational psychology

A

the study of how psychological processes can impact and improve learning and teaching.

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23
Q

experimental psychology

A

uses the experimental method to examine relationships between behavior and the mind.

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24
Q

Industrial-organizational psychology

A

studies the relationships between work and people in order to help companies increase productivity, boost morale, and select and train employees.

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25
Q

personality psychology

A

study of how personality affects the way people think and behave.

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26
Q

Psychometric psychology

A

focuses on psychological measurement and is concerned with the design of psychological examinations.

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27
Q

social psychology

A

studies how humans are influenced by one another and how we relate and think about each other.

28
Q

Positive psychology

A

focuses on making human existence more fulfilling, rather than focusing on the treatment of mental illness. Promoting strengths and virtues to improve the lives of people and communities.

29
Q

Experiments (research method)

A

Manipulates one or more independent variables to determine the effects of certain behavior.

30
Q

correlational studies (research method)

A

Involves looking at the relationships between two or more variables, is used when performing an experiment is not possible.

31
Q

Survey research (research method)

A

The collection of information reported by people about a particular topic.

32
Q

naturalistic observations (research method)

A

A researcher observes a subject’s behavior without intervention.

33
Q

case studies (research method)

A

A case study is an in-depth study of an individual or a small group. Usually, case studies are done on people with rare circumstances. For example, a girl named Genie was locked in her room causing a delay in development. Researchers did a case study about her to understand more about language and human development stages.

34
Q

longitudinal studies (research method)

A

The same individuals are studied over a long period of time can be years up to decades.

35
Q

cross-sectional studies (research method)

A

A cross-sectional study examines people of different groups at the same time. For example, studying people that are different ages at the same time differences can be attributed to age.

36
Q

Basic research

A

performed to learn about something. It is curiosity-driven and used to expand upon knowledge. It doesn’t have an immediate objective

37
Q

applied research

A

answers specific questions and is used to solve a problem or do something of practical use

38
Q

operational definition

A

statements of the exact procedures used in the study, which would eventually allow other researchers to replicate the research.

39
Q

independent variable

A

variable that changes in an experiment.

40
Q

dependent variable

A

the effect of the change in the experiment. This is what gets measured

41
Q

confounding variable

A

an outside influence that changes the effect of a dependent and independent variable.

42
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

if a researcher is observing people, those people would behave differently.

43
Q

control variable

A

variable that’s kept the same throughout an experiment.

44
Q

random assignment

A

when participants are assigned to each experimental group with an equal chance of being chosen

45
Q

random sample

A

each individual in the population has an equal chance of participating in an experiment

46
Q

sampling bias

A

result of a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample.

47
Q

experimenter bias

A

when researchers influence the results of an experiment to portray a certain outcome.

48
Q

hindsight bias

A

tendency to believe that you knew what was going to happen as if you foresaw the event: “I knew it all along.”

49
Q

external validity

A

how generalizable the results of the experiment are. For example, if the study on a drug is done on an Asian, middle-aged, average-weight man with high blood pressure, can the results be generalized to the population?

50
Q

internal validity

A

when a study shows a truthful cause and effect relationship and the researcher is confident that the changes in the dependent variable were produced only by the independent variable.

51
Q

descriptive (research method)

A

Purpose: To observe and record behavior

how its conducted: Do case studies, naturalistic observations, or surveys

52
Q

correlational (research method)

A

purpose: To detect naturally occurring relationships; to assess how well one variable predicts another
how it is conducted: Collect data on two or more variables; no manipulations

53
Q

experimental (research method)

A

purpose: To explore cause and effect

how it is conducted: Manipulate one or more variables; use random assignment

54
Q

descriptive statistics

A

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups, and this includes measures of variation. Therefore, descriptive statistics describe the data

55
Q

inferential statistics

A

way to see validity drawn from the results of the experiment. Inferential statistics tell what the data means.

56
Q

median

A

middle score of distribution

57
Q

mean

A

average of set of scores

58
Q

mode

A

most frequently recurring score

59
Q

positive correlation

A

shows that as one variable increases, the other variable increases. For example, a positively correlated group may show that as height increases, weight increases as well.

60
Q

negative correlation

A

as one variable increases, the other decreases. An example of a negative correlation could be how as the number of hours of sleep increases, tiredness decreases.

61
Q

no correlation

A

shows that there is no connection between the two variables. An example of no correlation could be IQ and how many pairs of pants an individual owns.

62
Q

frequency distribution

A

breakdown of how the scores fall into different categories or ranges. Normal distribution shows how traits are distributed throughout a population usually with the use of a bell curve.

63
Q

statistical significance

A

likelihood that something occurs by chance. If something is statistically significance, it did not occur by chance (some outside factor influenced the data). If something isn’t statistically significant, it occurred completely by chance. To determine this, you would compare the mean of the control group and the mean of the experimental group.

64
Q

informed constent

A

participants must agree to participate

65
Q

(deception) depriefing

A

If deception was used, the research must explain the true purpose of the experiment after it has occurred

66
Q

milgram experiment

A

demonstration showing how people will obey authority figures even when they disagree. Subjects were instructed to sit in a chair and ask a learner, who was actually working with Milgram, to list pairs of words. If the learner got it wrong, a scientist would instruct the subject to deliver an electric shock to the learner.

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