AP Psychology Unit 1 Flashcards
Who founded Structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Wundt was the person who separated ___ ____ as a separate, formal field
Modern Psychology
Structuralism used ______ to explore the elemental structure of the mind
Introspection
What is Introspection?
It is the process of examining or observing one’s own mental and emotional processes
Functionalism was founded by
William James
William James wrote the 1st ___ ____ and was the 1st ___ ___ at Harvard
Psych Textbook, Psych Professor
What is the focus of functionalism?
It states that a mental state does not depend upon the individual but solely on its function. Therefore what makes a thought, desire, pain depends on its function
Psychoanalytic was founded by
Sigmund Freud
The Main Focus of Psychoanalytic and what Sigmund Freud believed about the brain was that:
The Unconscious mind controls much of our thoughts and Action( What Freud believed) and the Unconscious Motives and Conflicts influence our Behavior(Focus of Psychoanayltic)
What is the Free Association Technique about?
Asking patients randomly about whatever thoughts, words, and images come freely to mind and the researcher sits there taking notes and listening
Behavioral was founded 3 People who are
Ivan Pavlov, John B Watson, B.F Skinner
The Focus of Behavioral is that
The mind is not important but rather the behavior matters. Behavior can be altered by rewards and punishments
John B Watson was the main founder of _____ did the famous experiment called
Behaviorlism, Baby Albert Experiment
Ivan Pavlov mainly experimented with
Dogs and their digestion and salivation
B.F Skinner invented the ___ ___ which did not take into account of ___ ___ and _____
Skinner Box, Internal Thoughts, Feelings
Psychodynamic was founded by
Neo Freudians (Carl Jung)
Its focus is that
Unconscious Motives and Actions affect our behavior (same as Psychoanalytic)
Humanistic was founded by
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
The Main Focus of Humanistic is that
Individual Choices affect and Influence our Behavior (Free Will)
Abraham Maslow created the
Hierarchy of Needs and Self-Actualization
Humanistic is a direct response to _____
Behavioral
Cognitive was mainly founded by
Jean Piaget
Cognitive Approach is about
How we process/retrieve/ store information and how all these processes affect our behavior
What is Schemas?
It is a cognitive framework and concept which helps organize and interpret information
Biological Approach was founded by
James Olds and Roger Sparry
The Focus of Biological is about
How Physiological and Chemical Changes in our brain influence our behavior and how the body and the brain are able to allow emotions, memories, and sensory experiments
James Olds found the
Reward System in the Brain
What was Roger Sparry’s Experiment About?
He showed that when the two hemispheres of the brain were separated by severing the Corpus Callosum, the hemispheres start to transmit less information between each other and the two hemispheres act as different brains
Who Invented Sociocultural Approach?
Vygotsky
What is the focus of Sociocultural Approach?
How Situations and Cultures affect people’s thoughts and actions and how people’s thoughts and behaviors vary among people living in different cultures
What is the Hindsight Bias?
It is known as “ I knew it all along” Phenomenon. It is a type of bias where you believed you knew the answer all along but you did not
What is a Hypothesis?
It is a prediction that is able to be tested; often supported by a theory
What is a Theory?
It is an Explanation which uses a set of Principles to Organize and Predict Observations
What are Operational Definitions?
It is a Step-By-Step Procedure for the researcher to use in order to measure a Specific Variable
What is a Population?
It is a certain group of people who you are trying to get a data from
What is a Sampling Bias?
It is a problem when the sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn
What is a Random Sample?
When a sample is randomly drawn in order to test the Hypothesis. Happens when everybody have the same likelihood of being chosen
What is a Representative Sample?
It is an Identical Representation of the Population but in smaller numbers
What is an Replicable Experiment?
The experiment is able to be redone to see if the basic finding will extend to other situations
What is an Reliable Experiment?
A reliable Experiment produces Consistent Results. Results are Consistent when the Operational Definition is clearly explained
What is a Valid Experiment?
When during the Experiment, you are measuring what you want to measure
What is a Correlation?
A Correlation measures the extent to which two factors vary together, either positive, negative, or none at all
What is a Correlation Coefficient (R Score)?
It is a score ranging from -1.00 to 1.00 that tells us how strong the correlation is
- The farther from 0, the stronger is the correlation, regardless of whether it is positive or negative
What is Case Study About?
It is about examining a person or a group in hope that the person or the group reveals information
Who developed Case Study?
It was developed by Jean Piaget when he was developing a theory of cognitive development
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of a Case Study?
Advantages: Through Case Study, you are able to know the subject very well
Disadvantages: A Case Study is Expensive, Takes a Lot of Time, You can mistakenly Judge the Subject and Therefore Lead to False Conclusions
What is Naturalistic Observation?
It is about Observing and Recording Behavior In a Natural Setting
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Naturalistic Observation?
Advantages: You are able to get a Good Snapshot of Life
Disadvantages: Naturalistic Observations take a lot of time, can possibly disrupt the environment, And sometimes do not show the true behavior of organisms
What is a Survey about?
It is about obtaining the opinions or behavior of a particular group
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Surveys?
Advantages: Surveys cost less, they are fast and easy to gather data
Disadvantages: Surveys have a high chance of getting biased sample
What is Social Desirability Bias?
It is a bias that makes the subject want to change his answer in order to fit with society and not to stand out
What is Wording Effect?
The results of the survey can be possibly changed if the wording of the survey was different
What is a Possible False Consensus Effect?
When it seems like a large group of agree with you on a certain topic but in reality, not much people do
What is a Opportunity Sample?
Where for a survey, you choose people who are closer to you, thus making the Survey Biased
What does an Experimental Method Do?
It manipulates Variables to show cause and Effect
What is the only method that shows cause and effect?
Experimental Method
What is the Experimental Condition?
It is the part of the random sample which gets tested on
What is the Control Condition?
The part of the sample which remains unchanged to see the effects of the Experimental Condition
What is a Single-Blind Procedure?
It is a procedure where the subject does not know who is getting what
- Less Bias/ Less Confounding Variables
What is a Double-Blind Procedure?
It is a procedure where neither the subjects nor the administrators know who is getting what
- Even Less Bias
What is the Placebo Effect?
When your Body and Brain Respond to Getting Treatment, making it feel like it actually helps you when it doesn’t
- “ I feel so much better! Oh wait, was I in the Control Group”
What Is the Independent Variable?
It is the variable that is being changed/ manipulated
What is the Dependent Variable?
What is being Measured
What is a Confounding Variable?
It is when in an Experiment, a variable other than the independent variable affects the dependent variable
What is a Random Assignment?
Assigning Participants to Experimental and Control Condition, minimizes the effect of Confounding Variables
What is Illusory Correlation?
It is the perception of an relationship, even though no such relationship exists
- The basis for many superstitions
What is the Standard Deviation?
It is the way how scores are varied around the Mean
In a Normal Distribution Graph what are the percentages between
- One standard deviation from the mean
- Two standard deviation from the mean
- Three Standard Deviation from the mean
68%, 95%, 98%
What is the Z Score?
It is the one specific score in the Standard Deviation, so it will be like 1,2,3 etc.
What is the Statistical Significance (P- Value)
It is the numerical Value of the results of a study due to chance
You want your P value to be less than
5% or 0.05
