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Vocab: The Crucible > AP Psychology Summer Vocab > Flashcards

AP Psychology Summer Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

intrinsically motivated

A

A desire to perform an activity for its own sake rather than for an external reward.

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2
Q

extrinsic motivators

A

A desire to perform a behavior for a reward or to avoid punishment

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3
Q

flow

A

the mental state of operation in which a person in an activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and success in the process of the activity.

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4
Q

positive correlation

A

a steady relationship between two variables in the same direction, meaning that as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other increases as well.

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5
Q

happiness

A

a state of well-being and contentment

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6
Q

Formal operational

A

Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development (12+ year) during which the child begins to think logically about abstract concepts and engage in hypothetical thinking.

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7
Q

fluid intelligence

A

Those cognitive abilities requiring speed or rapid learning which tend to diminish with adult aging.

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8
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

Learned knowledge and skills such as vocabulary which tend to increase with age

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9
Q

Broca’s area

A

Region in left frontal lobe that controls production of speech

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10
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Region in left temporal lobe that plays role in understanding language and making meaningful sentences.

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11
Q

grammar

A

A system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

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12
Q

syntax

A

Rules that are used to order words into grammatically sensible sentences.

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13
Q

morphemes

A

The smallest unit of language that has meaning.

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14
Q

phonemes

A

Smallest possible sound units of spoken language.

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15
Q

transduction

A

Transformation of stimulus energy to the electrochemical energy of neural impulses

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16
Q

parallel processing

A

To simultaneously analyze different elements of sensory information such as size, shape, brightness, etc.

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17
Q

Psychology

A

The science of behavior and mental process

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18
Q

Hippocampus

A

Part of the limbic system of the brain that enables formation of new long term memories for facts and personal experiences.

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19
Q

encode

A

The process of converting information into some form that enables it to be stored in our memory system

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20
Q

storage

A

The retention of encoded information over time.

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21
Q

assimilation

A

Process by which we incorporate new information into our existing cognitive structures or schemas.

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22
Q

accommodation

A

Process by which we modify our schemas to fit new information.

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23
Q

cognitive schemas

A

an organized pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them.

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24
Q

recall

A

Retrieval of previously learned information

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25
Q

retrieve

A

The process of getting information out of memory storage

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26
Q

artificial intelligence

A

A field of study in which computer programs are designed to simulate human cognitive abilities such as reasoning, learning, and understanding language.

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27
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

Movement of information into long-term memory by making it meaningful.

28
Q

mnemonics

A

Memory aids such as the method of loci and peg word systems that help to organize, encode, and more easily retrieve information from long-term memory.

29
Q

chunking

A

Grouping information into meaningful units; expands the capacity of short-term memory beyond seven unrelated bits of information

30
Q

imagery

A

mental pictures

31
Q

acronym

A

an abbreviation formed from the initial letters of other words and pronounced as a word

32
Q

hormones

A

Chemical messengers that travel through the blood to a receptor site on a target organ

33
Q

neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers released by the terminal buttons of the presynaptic neuron into the synapse.

34
Q

narcolepsy

A

Condition in which an awake person suddenly and uncontrollably falls asleep, often directly into REM sleep.

35
Q

sleep apnea

A

a temporary cessation of breathing during sleep, experienced by some people

36
Q

insomnia

A

The inability to fall asleep and/or stay asleep.

37
Q

night terrors

A

Childhood sleep disruptions from stage 4 sleep characterized by a bloodcurdling scream and intense fear; rare in adults.

38
Q

split brain

A

having the corpus callosum severed or absent, so as to eliminate the main connection between the two hemispheres of the brain. Used to alleviate seizures.

39
Q

lobotomy

A

a surgical operation involving incision into the prefrontal lobe of the brain, formerly used to treat mental illness.

40
Q

learning

A

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience

41
Q

norm

A

Rules either implicit or explicit that govern the behavior of group members

42
Q

conditioning

A

a behavioral process whereby a response becomes more frequent or more predictable in a given environment as a result of reinforcement, with reinforcement typically being a stimulus or reward for a desired response.

43
Q

critical thinking

A

the objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment

44
Q

self-disclosure

A

a process of communication by which one person reveals information about himself or herself to another. The information can be descriptive or evaluative, and can include thoughts, feelings, aspirations, goals, failures, successes, fears, and dreams, as well as one’s likes, dislikes, and favorites.

45
Q

belief perseverance

A

A tendency for people to cling to a particular belief even after information that led to the formation of that belief has been discredited.

46
Q

dysfunctions

A

Impaired or abnormal function and behavior

47
Q

psychological disorders

A

problems that affect the way we think about ourselves, relate to others, and interact with the world around us. They affect our thoughts, feelings, abilities and behaviors.

48
Q

intellectual disabilities

A

Neurodevelopmental condition ranging from mild to profound also called intellectual developmental disorder, characterized by intelligence quotient below 70 and difficulty in adapting to and coping with environmental demands of independent living.

49
Q

fixations

A

An inability to look at a problem from a fresh perspective, using a prior strategy that does not lead to success.

50
Q

functional fixedness

A

Inability to recognize novel uses for a familiar object because we are fixated on its common use; a hindrance to problem solving.

51
Q

prejudice

A

Unjustified attitudes we hold about others; generally negative evaluation based on ethnicity, race, sex, or some other criterion.

52
Q

stereotypes

A

Overgeneralized belief about the characteristics of members of a particular group; schema used to quickly judge others.

53
Q

therapy

A

treatment intended to relieve or heal a disorder

54
Q

altruistic

A

An unselfish interest in helping others.

55
Q

creativity

A

The ability to generate ideas and solutions that are original, novel, and useful.

56
Q

attitude

A

Learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably to certain people, objects, or events.

57
Q

social loafing

A

The tendency of an individuals to put less effort into group projects than when they are individually accountable

58
Q

superordinate goals

A

goals that require the cooperation of two or more people or groups to achieve, which usually results in rewards to the groups.

59
Q

self-efficacy

A

How competent and able we feel to accomplish tasks; an expectation of success.

60
Q

neural networks

A

Clusters of neurons that are interconnected to process information

61
Q

neurons

A

The basic unit of structure and function of your nervous system. Neurons perform three major functions: receive information, process it, and transmit it to the rest of your body.

62
Q

brainstem

A

Also called the hindbrain, includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum.

63
Q

limbic system

A

a complex system of nerves and networks in the brain, involving several areas near the edge of the cortex concerned with instinct and mood. It controls the basic emotions (fear, pleasure, anger) and drives (hunger, sex, dominance, care of offspring).

64
Q

cerebral cortex

A

Convoluted part of forebrain that is the center for higher order processes such as thinking, planning, judgment; receives and processes sensory information and directs movement.

65
Q

plasticity

A

Modifiability of neural connections that enables generation of new synapses which results in storing and retrieval of memories or one part of the brain taking over the function of another.

Vocab: The Crucible (2 decks)

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