AP psychology : learning vocabulary

Question 1

Associative learning

Answer 1

Learning that certain events occur together.

The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and it’s consequences (operant conditioning)

Question 2

Learning

Answer 2

A relatively peemanent change in an organisms behavior due to experiences

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli
A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus
Aka Pavlovian or respondent conditioning

Question 4

Behaviorism

Answer 4

The view that psychology
Should be an objective science that
studies behavior without reference processes
Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2

Question 5

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 5

US

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response

Question 6

Unconditioned response

Answer 6

UR
In classical conditioning, the nfl earned, natural response to the US
Salivation when food is in the mouth

Question 7

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

CS

Question 8

Conditioned response

Answer 8

CR

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus.

Question 9

Acquisition

Answer 9

The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating of a neutral stimulus with an US so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

Question 10

Extinction

Answer 10

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when a US does not follow a CS
Occurs. In operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Question 11

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 11

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 12

Generalization

Answer 12

The tendency that once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus elicit similar responses

Question 13

Discrimination

Answer 13

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 14

Operant conditioning

Answer 14

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a Publisher.

Question 15

Respondent behavior

Answer 15

The bah visor that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; skinner’s term for behavior learned through classical conditioning

Question 16

Operant behavior

Answer 16

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
S

Question 17

Law of effect

Answer 17

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Question 18

Operant chamber

Answer 18

Chamber known as Skinner box
Contained a bar or key than an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, which attached to devices to record the animals relate of bar pressing or key pecking.

Question 19

Shaping

Answer 19

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Question 20

Reinforcer

Answer 20

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 21

Positive reinforcement

Answer 21

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli

Such as food

Question 22

Negative reinforcement

Answer 22

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as a shock
Any stimulus that, when removed after response, strengthens the response

Question 23

Primary reinforcer

Answer 23

An innate,y reinforcing stimuli

Such as one that satisfies a biological need

Question 24

Conditioned reinforcer

Answer 24

A stimulu that gains it’s reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
Secondary reinforcer

Question 25

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 25

Reinforcing a behavior everytime it occurs

Question 26

Parietal (intermittent) reinforcer

Answer 26

Reinforcing a response only Part of the time; results in s,owner acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

Question 27

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 27

In operant conditioning

Question 28

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 28

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 29

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 29

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Question 30

Variable interval schedule

Answer 30

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 31

Punishment

Answer 31

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Question 32

Cognitive map

Answer 32

A mental representation of the layout of new environment

Ie. after exploring a maze, rats acted as if they had learned a cognitive map of it.

Question 33

Latent learning

Answer 33

Learning that occurs but it is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 34

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 34

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

Question 35

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 35

A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

Question 36

Observational learning

Answer 36

Learning by observing others

Question 37

Modeling

Answer 37

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 38

Mirror neurons

Answer 38

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing others doing so.
The brains mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation, learning language, and empathy

Question 39

Pro social behavior

Answer 39

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior

Opposite of anti social behavior