AP Psych Vocab List 2 Flashcards
The tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)
Hindsight bias
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.
Theory
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
Hypothesis
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study.
Operational definition
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the best finding can be reproduced.
Replication
A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.
Meta-Analysis
A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample.
Sampling Bias
A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation.
Naturalistic Observation
The post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.
Debriefing
A statistical index of the relationship between two things.
Correlation coefficient
Both variables increase or decrease at the same time. A correlation coefficient close to +1.00 indicates a strong positive correlation.
Positive Correlation
As the amount of one variable increases, the other decreases (and vice versa). A correlation coefficient close to -1.00 indicates a strong negative correlation.
Negative Correlation
The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back toward the average.
Regression to the mean
Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.
Informed Consent
The measure of how useful the results of a study are for a larger group of people or situations.
Generalizability
The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to.
Validity
The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.
Mean
The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it.
Median
The most frequently occurring scores in a distribution .
Mode
A committee that has been formally designated to approve, monitor, and review biomedical and behavioral research involving humans with the aim to protect the rights and welfare of the research subjects.
Institutional Review Board
A frequency curve where most occurrences take place in the middle of the distribution and taper off on either side.
Normal Curve
Numerical data that allow one to generalize-to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population.
Inferential Statistics
A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.
Statistical significance
