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AP Psychology > AP Psych Vocab > Flashcards

AP Psych Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

A

The study of the soul or mind

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2
Q

Structuralism

A

Structure is more important than function

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3
Q

Functionalism

A

Function is more important than structure

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4
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Father of psychology as a science, founded the first psychology lab

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5
Q

Edward Titchner

A

Founded structuralism

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6
Q

Introspection

A

Asking someone to observe themselves thinking

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7
Q

William James

A

Wrote the first psychology textbook, created functionalism

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8
Q

Psychodynamic Approach

A

One of the oldest approaches, hypnosis, dream analysis, therapy, study of the unconscious. Strength: Flexible and can’t be disproven, weakness: not scientific, hard to study

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9
Q

Psychoanalytic Approach

A

Founded by Freud, eventually became psychodynamic

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10
Q

Behavioralist Approach

A

Reflexes and behavior, Ivan Pavlov, BF Skinner, strength: scientifically observable, weakness: doesn’t account for creativity, selflessness, and love

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11
Q

Cognitive Approach

A

Thoughts, strength: flexible, accounts for differences, helps with treatment, weakness: difficult to study scientifically

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12
Q

Biological Approach

A

The mind is what the brain does, strength: scientific, easy to study, weakness: too simplistic

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13
Q

Humanistic Approach

A

Optimistic, how people are unique, rejection of psychodynamic/behavioral, focuses on free will, strength: positive, encourages differences, fosters growth, weakness: not scientific, hard to study

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14
Q

Sociocultural Approach

A

Religion, family, culture, society, strength: somewhat measurable, works for talking about average behavior, weakness: hard to apply to individuals, leads to stereotypes, hard to measure

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15
Q

Surveys

A

Questionnaires that gather data about people, gathers large amounts of data quickly, easily processed, allows for anonymity, participants can lie or misunderstand. Correlational Study

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16
Q

Wording Effect

A

Questions can be written in ways that affect responses

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17
Q

Case Study

A

Lots of data about a specific individual or group, gives a full picture, chronological data, time consuming, might not be generalizable. Correlational

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18
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Observing people in their own habitats. Authentic data, ethics of informed consent, lack of control. Correlational

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19
Q

Cross Sectional

A

Compares different groups at one point in time

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20
Q

Longitudinal

A

Follows a group over time

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21
Q

How can you find a causal relationship?

A

Experiments

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22
Q

Independent Variable

A

Causes change in the dependent variable

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23
Q

Hypothesis

A

Prediction, if/then statement

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24
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Results occur due to belief, not independent variable

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25
Q

Experimental Group

A

Gets the independent variable

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26
Q

Control Group

A

Gets a placebo

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27
Q

Confounding Variable

A

Variables other than the independent that affect the dependent

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28
Q

Random Sample

A

Everyone in a population has an equal chance to be chosen

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29
Q

Representative Sample

A

Group being studied “looks like” general population

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30
Q

Random Assignment

A

Equal chance of being in experimental or control group

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31
Q

Participant/Subject Bias

A

Behaving in a way to ensure research outcome fits expectations (theirs or the researchers)

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32
Q

Single Blind Procedure

A

Participants don’t know what group they’re in, avoids subject bias

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33
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

Conducting research to ensure outcome fits expectations

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34
Q

Double Blind Study

A

Neither participants nor experimenters know what group is which

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35
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

Change in behavior due to observation, based on the Hawthorne Plant Study

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36
Q

Quantitative Data

A

Numbers

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37
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Places results into categories

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38
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Organizing and describing data

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39
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Generalizing data to the larger population

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40
Q

Frequency Distribution Table

A

Determines how often data occurs

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41
Q

Discrete Data

A

Data which can be counted

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42
Q

Nominal Scale

A

Data without any structure or order (ex: tall to short)

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43
Q

Ordinal Scale

A

Count and order but not measure (ex: like or dislike)

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44
Q

Continuous Data

A

Data which can be measured

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45
Q

Interval Scale

A

Degrees of difference but not the ratio between them

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46
Q

Ratio Scale

A

Measures a meaningful measurement with a zero value

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47
Q

Dichotomy Scale

A

Two categories

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48
Q

Trichotomy Scale

A

3+ categories

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49
Q

Displaying Methods

A

Pie chart, bar graph, histogram, frequency polygon

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50
Q

Central Tendency

A

Mode (most frequent), mean (average), median (middle)

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51
Q

Range

A

The difference between the highest and the lowest points

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52
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Average distance from the mean, high SD means less similar

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53
Q

Normal Distribution

A

Bell curve, mode/median/mean all meet at 0, produced when a large group is tested

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54
Q

Positive Skew

A

Mean pulled towards higher end of the score

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55
Q

Negative Skew

A

Mean pulled towards lower end of the score

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56
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

The strength of a relationship between two variables. The closer it is to one, the stronger the relationship

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57
Q

Positive Correlation Coefficient

A

0 to +1, both variables move together

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58
Q

Negative Correlation Coefficient

A

0 to -1, one variable increases while the other decreases

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59
Q

No Correlation

A

No relationship between variables

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60
Q

Statistical Significance

A

The likelihood that data collection is a result of the experiment

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61
Q

P Value

A

If close to 0, data supports hypothesis

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62
Q

Ethics

A

Beneficence and Non-Malfience (do no harm), Fidelity and Responsibility (atmosphere built on trust, responsibility, and ethical consideration), Integrity (transparent practices), Justice (aware of biases, competence), Respect for Rights and Dignity

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63
Q

Evolutionary Approach

A

Inspired by Darwin’s theory of evolution, certain characteristics help the population to thrive

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64
Q

Major Debates in Psychology

A

Nature vs Nurture
Free Will vs Determinism

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65
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

Genetics are not destiny, environment affects people who affect the environment

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66
Q

Epigenetics

A

Environmental pressures can change the activity of genes

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67
Q

Polygenic

A

Trait caused by genes is caused by many genes

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68
Q

Diathesis

A

Disorders are both environmental and genetic

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69
Q

Maturationism

A

All children follow the same genetic pattern, but their environment determines what they do

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70
Q

Plasticity

A

The brain cellularly changes in response to the environment

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71
Q

Endocrine System

A

Allows for communication

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72
Q

Glands

A

Use hormones to “talk” via the bloodstream

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73
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Controlled by the hypothalamus, regulates all other glands

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74
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

Releases adrenaline

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75
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Produces melatonin

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76
Q

Thyroid

A

Regulates metabolism

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77
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces insulin, helps get energy from food

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78
Q

Ovary/Testes

A

Produce estrogen/progesterone/testosterone

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79
Q

Oxytocin

A

“Us vs them”, “love hormone”, increases contractions during childbirth

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80
Q

Cortisol

A

Stress hormone

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81
Q

Testosterone

A

Sexual desire, competition

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82
Q

Estrogen

A

Sexual desire, reproduction

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83
Q

Leptin

A

Turns off hunger when full

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84
Q

Ghrelin

A

Turns on hunger when hungry

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85
Q

Melatonin

A

Sleep process

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86
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord. Organizes movement, creates thoughts, forms emotions, produces behavior

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87
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Transmits messages from the brain to the muscles to the glands throughout the body

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88
Q

Spinal Reflex

A

A simple, automatic response

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89
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

A bundle of nerves that transmits information from the CNS to the body and back, carries out orders from CNS

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90
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Part of peripheral, sensory, voluntary movement, touch, pain, temperature

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91
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Part of peripheral, involuntary, breathing, digestion, heart rate

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92
Q

Parasympathetic/Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Part of autonomic, parasympathetic slows you down, sympathetic used for emergencies, work together

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93
Q

Neurons

A

Make up the nervous system

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94
Q

Glial Cells

A

Provide nutrients and protect neurons, ex: Schwann cell

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95
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information from other neurons

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96
Q

Soma

A

“Cell body” of the neuron

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97
Q

Axon

A

Carries info away from cell body, spinal cord is the longest axon

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98
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Insulating covering for the axon

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99
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between myelin sheath, promote action potential

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100
Q

Axon Terminal

A

Houses neurotransmitters

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101
Q

Synapse

A

The space between axon terminals and adjacent dendrites

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102
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Afferent, receives info from sensory receptors and sends it to the brain

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103
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Carry info from the brain to the body, efferent

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104
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Activated when we watch others complete an action (ex: yawning)

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105
Q

Neural Transmission

A

Neurons sending messages between adjacent neurons

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106
Q

Resting Potential

A

More positive ions on the outside of the neuron than the inside

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107
Q

Permeability

A

A process where the positive and negative ions come together

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108
Q

Action Potential

A

Neuron fires an impulse because positive ions sweep down the neuron, firing threshold

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109
Q

“All or None” Response

A

When an impulse reaches its intensity level, it will fire

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110
Q

Refractory Period

A

The neuron cannot immediately fire again

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111
Q

Reuptake

A

Any excess neurotransmitters are recollected after firing

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112
Q

Resting Period

A

Neuron not firing

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113
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Communicate between neurons to perform tasks

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114
Q

Excitatory

A

Stimulates firing to send message

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115
Q

Inhibitory

A

Slows firing to slow message

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116
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Enables muscle action, learning, and memory. Low: Alzheimer’s

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117
Q

Dopamine

A

Movement, learning, attention, emotion. High: Schizophrenia, Low: Tremors, low mobility, Parkinson’s

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118
Q

Serotonin

A

Hunger, mood, arousal, sleep. Low: Depression

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119
Q

Endorphins

A

Pain control and pleasure during great stress. Low: OCD

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120
Q

Epinephrine

A

Same as adrenaline (energy, sympathetic system, helps with stress), forms memories

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121
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Sympathetic system, alertness, blood pressure, heart rate, releases glucose, fight or flight

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122
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory, memory. High: migraines, seizures

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123
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory. Low: seizures, tremors, insomnia

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124
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

Release neurotransmitters from axon terminal

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125
Q

Receptor Site

A

Where neurotransmitters bind

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126
Q

Agonists

A

Mimics a neurotransmitter, enhances the effects/produces more

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127
Q

Antagonists

A

Blocks neurotransmitter, produces less or no effect

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128
Q

Inhibitors

A

Affect reuptake, produce more of the neurotransmitter the next time the neuron fires

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129
Q

Dopamine Agonists

A

Mimic dopamine, often for those with Parkinson’s

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130
Q

Drugs as Agonists/Antagonists

A

Opiates- Agonist for endorphins
Botox- Antagonist for acetylcholine
Alcohol- Antagonist for glutamate

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131
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

A

AKA SSRI, stop the reuptake of serotonin

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132
Q

Hindbrain

A

Most primitive, base of the brain

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133
Q

Midbrain

A

More complex, buried under forebrain

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134
Q

Forebrain

A

Most complex, higher level thinking, outer layer

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135
Q

Pons

A

Hindbrain, regulates sleep cycle, communicates between cerebellum and forebrain, autonomic (bladder)

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136
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Hindbrain, autonomic (reflexes, blood pressure)

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137
Q

Cerebellum

A

Hindbrain, “little brain”, balance, posture, coordination, implicit memory formation

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138
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Hindbrain, attention, arousal, consciousness, sleep cycles

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139
Q

Limbic System

A

Midbrain, center of emotion

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140
Q

Thalamus

A

Midbrain, sensory and motor relay

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141
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Midbrain, homeostasis, hormones

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142
Q

Amygdala

A

Midbrain, emotional reactions

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143
Q

Hippocampus

A

Midbrain, memory formation, learning, emotional regulation

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144
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Forebrain, prefrontal, motor cortex, association areas, Broca’s Area

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145
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Somatosensory cortex, association areas, forebrain

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146
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Primary visual cortex, association areas, forebrain

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147
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Auditory cortex, association areas, Wernicke’s Area, forebrain

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148
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Speech production

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149
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Last part of brain to develop, higher level thinking

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150
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Interprets auditory code

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151
Q

HM (Henry Moliason)

A

Hippocampus removed due to seizures, lost ability to form new memories

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152
Q

Wilder Penfield and Brenda Milner

A

Discovered the function of the hippocampus from HM

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153
Q

Louis Victor Geborne

A

Could only say the word “tan” after a stroke but could still use inflection

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154
Q

Pierre Paul Broca

A

Studied Geborne, named the speech production center after himself

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155
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

The inability to produce speech and select words

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156
Q

Phineas Gage

A

Had an iron bar driven into his skull but didn’t pass out or die, prefrontal cortex damaged, lost judgement, emotional regulation, and planning

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157
Q

Split Brain Patient

A

Brain hemispheres do not connect, can describe something they saw in their right visual field and draw what they saw in their left

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158
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

Language, logic

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159
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Visual, spatial recognition, faces

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160
Q

Neuroimaging

A

Now used to study the brain

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161
Q

Electroencephalogram/EEG

A

Electrodes placed on head detect electrical activity when neurons fire

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162
Q

Position Emission Topography/PET

A

Subject is injected with radioactive glucose which neurons consume as they fire, can detect “hot spots” of firing neurons in scan and map activity

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163
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging/MRI

A

MRI machine contains magnetic field that distorts atoms and allows for clear photography, gives info about anatomy

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164
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging/fMRI

A

Process similar to MRI, measures oxygen from blood flow, gives info about anatomy and activity

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165
Q

Psychoactive Drug

A

A chemical substance used purposefully to alter mood or perception

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166
Q

Depressants

A

Reduce neural activity, slow body functions, ex: sleeping pills, tranquilizers, alcohol, opioids

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167
Q

Opioids

A

Depressant effect, pain relief, ex: morphine, oxycodone, heroin, codeine

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168
Q

Stimulants

A

Excite neural activity, speed up body functions, ex: caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

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169
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Distort perceptions, evoke hallucinations, ex: LSD, marijuana

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170
Q

NREM 1

A

5-10 mins, light sleep, alpha waves

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171
Q

NREM 2

A

Transitional, 10-20 mins, harder to awaken, theta waves, spindles, k complexes

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172
Q

NREM 3

A

Gets shorter through the night, deepest stage, growth/body sleep, delta waves

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173
Q

REM

A

Gets longer through the night, internally active, dreams, externally paralyzed (“paradoxical sleep”), beta waves

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174
Q

Restoration Theory

A

Sleep is necessary to restore resources and reenergize body

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175
Q

Adaptive Theory

A

Sleep protects us, evolved to preserve energy (evolutionary)

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176
Q

Cognitive and Information Processing Theory

A

Sleep helps us remember, sleep deprivation affects cognitive performance

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177
Q

Psychological Theory

A

Freud’s interpretation of dreams, dreams are our unconscious mind

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178
Q

Manifest Content

A

The storyline of a dream that we remember

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179
Q

Latent Content

A

The hidden, symbolic meaning behind a dream

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180
Q

Biological and Information Processing Theory

A

Dreams help consolidate memory

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181
Q

Activation Synthesis Model

A

REM triggers neural activity in the cortex as memories are synthesized, helps preserve and develop neural connections

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182
Q

Insomnia

A

The inability to fall asleep/stay asleep, most common, caused by stress, irregular sleep schedule, pain, illness, medications, diet

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183
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

The cessation of breathing while sleeping
Types: Obstructive, central (CNS), complex
Risk factors: Weight, smoking, sex, age, body, nasal obstruction

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184
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Falling into uncontrollable sleep throughout the day, genetic, treated with medication

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185
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

Origin of cognitive psychology, whole is greater than the sum of its parts

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186
Q

Law of Simplicity

A

Objects appear to us as simply as possible

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187
Q

Gestalt Principles

A

Organization of visual field into objects that stand out
Proximity, similarity, continuity, connectedness, closure

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188
Q

Depth Perception

A

The ability to perceive distance of objects

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189
Q

Binocular Cues

A

Require two eyes, convergence, retinal disparity

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190
Q

Monocular Cues

A

Require one eye, relative size, interposition, light, shadow, relative height, texture gradient, perspective

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191
Q

Convergence

A

Neuromuscular, eyes move inward for close objects and straight for far objects

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192
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

The closer the object, the larger the differences between what each eye sees

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193
Q

Sensory Transduction

A

Stimulus activates sense receptors, which create a sensation

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194
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Smallest amount of energy that produces a sensation 50% of the time

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195
Q

Difference Threshold

A

The smallest change in stimulus that causes a change in sensation

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196
Q

Just Noticeable Difference

A

The smallest difference needed for a difference to be detected 50% of the time

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197
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The ratio of actual change in stimulus to perceived change

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198
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

The intensity of the stimuli and the psychological state of the person affect the ability to detect the stimuli

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199
Q

Bottom Up Processing

A

Sensing the stimulus and then perceiving and processing the experience

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200
Q

Top Down Processing

A

Perceiving the experience first based on expectations, experience, culture, motivation, emotions, etc, and then sensing the stimulus

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201
Q

Perceptual Set

A

Our tendency to perceive some parts of sensory data and ignore others

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202
Q

Schemas

A

Mental frameworks for organizing our understanding of the world

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203
Q

Cornea

A

Allows light to hit the retina

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204
Q

Iris

A

Contracts the pupil

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205
Q

Pupil

A

Changes size according to available light

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206
Q

Retina

A

Contains vision receptors, which form the optic nerve

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207
Q

Forea

A

Focuses the eye

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208
Q

Rods and Cones

A

In the back of the retina, allows for color vision

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209
Q

Blind Spot

A

No rods or cones

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210
Q

Feature Detectors

A

Light, color, line, shape, angle, motion

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211
Q

Light Waves

A

Stimuli for receptor cells in the retina

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212
Q

Wavelength

A

Determines hue, short is cool, long is warm

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213
Q

Amplitude

A

Determines intensity, height of wave

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214
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Combinations of cones firing makes up colors, cones work in threes (red, green, blue), strength of signal determines how the brain interprets, light hitting the retina stimulates cones

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215
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

Visual information affects neurons, some inhibited and some excited, explains afterimages

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216
Q

Two Stage Theory

A

Trichromatic and opponent process theories work together to explain color vision

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217
Q

Color Blindness

A

People who either cannot distinguish excitatory and inhibitory signals or have unresponsive cones

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218
Q

Monochromat

A

Black/white/gray color blind

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219
Q

Dichromat

A

Red/green or yellow/blue color blind

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220
Q

Trichromat

A

Completely color blind

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221
Q

Physical Illusions

A

Distortion of scale based on manipulation of monocular cues for depth perception

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222
Q

Physiological Illusions

A

Overstimulation of visual system (photoreceptors, feature detectors)

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223
Q

Cognitive Illusions

A

Mismatch between perception and sensing (top down, perceptual set, context clues, manipulation of Gestalt principles)

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224
Q

Frequency

A

How rapidly a sound wave cycles (amplitude affects volume, frequency affects pitch)

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225
Q

Outer Ear

A

Gather, concentrate, and amplify sound waves (air as medium)

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226
Q

Pinna

A

Gathers and compresses waves

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227
Q

Ear Canal

A

Entryway for sound waves

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228
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

Transfers to middle ear

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229
Q

Middle Ear

A

Solid as medium, three tiny bones

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230
Q

Inner Ear

A

Liquid as medium

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231
Q

Cochlea

A

Liquid, produces nerve impulses in response to vibrations

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232
Q

Cilia

A

Hair cells on cochlea

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233
Q

Transduction

A

Converting information from the environment through sensation into ideas through perception

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234
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

Impacts loudness, clarity, and range of sounds heard, affects cilia and auditory nerve, both ears, more common, aging, trauma, disease

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235
Q

Conductive Hearing Loss

A

Sound waves cannot progress normally through outer/middle ear, affects outer ear, ear drum, and middle ear, one or both ears, blockage, trauma, can be selective

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236
Q

Gustatory Sense

A

Taste

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237
Q

Olfactory Sense

A

Smell

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238
Q

Tastes

A

Bitter, salty, sweet, sour, umami

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239
Q

Body Senses

A

Touch, pain, vestibular (balance, movement), kinesthetic (position/movement of skeletal joints)

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240
Q

Learning

A

Change in behavior, results from experience, relatively permanent

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241
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Observational learning, Bobo doll

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242
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Classical conditioning, Pavlov’s dogs

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243
Q

John B Watson

A

Helped found behaviorism

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244
Q

Robert Rescorla

A

Contingency and stimulus satience

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245
Q

Edward Tolman

A

Latent learning

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246
Q

John Garcia

A

Taste aversion

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247
Q

Insight Learning

A

Sudden realization of the solution

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248
Q

Emotional Learning

A

Helps people understand their emotions

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249
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

Believing you are unable to change a situation, which prevents you from trying

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250
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

-Unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response
-Conditioned stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus
-Conditioned response is elicited

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251
Q

Extinction

A

Conditioned and unconditioned stimulus are no longer paired

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252
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Extinguished response returns

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253
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

Responses differ with different stimuli, opposite of generalization

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254
Q

Higher Order Learning

A

Associating one conditioned stimulus with another

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255
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learning based on consequences

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256
Q

EL Thorndike

A

Cat in box experiments, learning requires trial and error, positive reinforcer given to the cat who manages to escape the box by pushing a latch

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257
Q

Law of Effect

A

Behavior+satisfying effect = reward

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258
Q

BF Skinner

A

Behaviorist, expanded on Thorndike’s Law of Effect, schedules of reinforcement, Skinner box used to measure behavior

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259
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Adding in a stimulus to increase behavior

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260
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Adding in a stimulus to decrease behavior

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261
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Removing a stimulus to increase behavior

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262
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Taking away a stimulus to decrease behavior

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263
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

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264
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Desire to perform a behavior for rewards or less punishment

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Perfectly
265
Q

Overjustification

A

Extrinsic rewards replace intrinsic motivation

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266
Q

Fixed Interval

A

Same spacing at the same interval of time

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267
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

Same spacing over different periods of time

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268
Q

Variable Interval

A

Varied spacing, same length of time

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269
Q

Variable Ratio

A

Varied spacing and number

270
Q

Stressors

A

Things in the environment that cause a biological response

271
Q

Emotion Focused Coping

A

Attempts to avoid stressor, attends to emotional needs

272
Q

Problem Focused Coping

A

Greater stress reduction, feeling more in control

273
Q

Self Control

A

Ability to delay gratification and control impulses, depleted through use of

274
Q

External Locus of Control

A

Relying on outside factors

275
Q

Internal Locus of Control

A

Deciding our own fate

276
Q

Biofeedback

A

Uses cognitive factors to influence psychological factors of stress, feedback about subtle body responses

277
Q

Memory

A

Learning that persists over time

278
Q

Multistore Model of Memory

A

Information moves through multiple stores

279
Q

3 Stage Model

A

Sensory memory, short term, long term

280
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Shelf, used temporarily

281
Q

Working Memory

A

Processing information actively

282
Q

Information Processing Model

A

Our brain receives data and processes it, either using it or storing it

283
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Reacts to stimuli

284
Q

Iconic Memory

A

Images, less than one second

285
Q

Echoic Memory

A

1-3 seconds, sounds

286
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

The repetition of information to keep it in working memory

287
Q

Encoding

A

Turning short term memories into long term memories (visual, acoustic, semantic/meaning)

288
Q

Retrieval

A

Pulling memories out of long term and into short term

289
Q

Shallow Processing

A

Little elaboration, focus on superficial elements

290
Q

Deep Processing

A

Focus on meaning with deeper elaboration, better retention

291
Q

Massed Practice

A

Trying to encode all at once

292
Q

Distributed Practice

A

Encoding over multiple time periods

293
Q

Spacing Effect

A

Distributed practice leads to long term retention

294
Q

Testing Effect

A

Retrieving info for tests is better than just rereading

295
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

Middle items are the least remembered

296
Q

Recency Effect

A

The last items in a list are remembered best

297
Q

Primacy Effect

A

The first items in a list are remembered best in the long term

298
Q

Chunking

A

Clustering items into meaningful units

299
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory devices

300
Q

Hierarchies

A

Creating categories with subdivisions

301
Q

Serial Processing

A

Only one process occurs at any given time, one after the other

302
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Multiple tracks of brain processes occurring at once, not the same as multitasking

303
Q

Effortful Processing

A

Explicit memories (facts, experiences), information processing

304
Q

Automatic Processing

A

Implicit memories encoded unconsciously (procedural memory, classical conditioning)

305
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying previous learning, stable, easier

306
Q

Recall

A

Retrieving previous learning, declines with age

307
Q

Relearning

A

Improved retrieval with repeated learning

308
Q

Overlearning

A

Practicing after learning a skill to make it more resilient to forgetting

309
Q

Retrieval Cues

A

Connection points to access a memory

310
Q

Priming

A

Activation of memory associations, sometimes unconsciously

311
Q

Context Dependent Memory

A

Revisiting the location of an experience serves as a cue

312
Q

State Dependent Memory

A

What we experience in one state could be remembered better in that state

313
Q

Mood Congruent Memory

A

Emotion serves as a cue

314
Q

Causes of Forgetting

A

Encoding, storage decay, retrieval failure

315
Q

Retrieval Failure

A

Stored information that is not accessible

316
Q

Prospective Memory

A

Memory to do something in the future

317
Q

Retrospective Memory

A

Memory of previous info

318
Q

Interference

A

Some information blocks the recall of other info

319
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Forward acting, prior information disrupts learning new information

320
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

Backward acting, new learning disrupts recalling old info

321
Q

Amnesia

A

Temporary or permanent loss of memory

322
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Inability to remember past info, procedures intact

323
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Inability to form new memories

324
Q

Source Amnesia

A

Attributing an experience to the wrong source

325
Q

Long Term Potentiation

A

Increased efficiency in the synapse when repeatedly stimulated

326
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

Not immune to alteration, usually very personal, can be shared

327
Q

Concept

A

A cluster of raw cognitive material, finds something to attach to or forgotten

328
Q

Prototype

A

An abstract, imperfect example

329
Q

Exemplar

A

An example from limited experience

330
Q

Artificial Concept

A

A perfect example, rare

331
Q

Informal Reasoning

A

Fast thinking (heuristics, top down, schema, mental set, mental model)

332
Q

Formal Reasoning

A

Slow thinking (algorithm, bottom up, syllogism, diagnosis, AI), makes us more sure of our answers

333
Q

Heuristics

A

Shortcuts based on experience, efficient

334
Q

Mental Set

A

A way of thinking that has worked before

335
Q

Algorithm

A

Step by step process

336
Q

Syllogism

A

Using logic

337
Q

Diagnosis

A

Eliminating all wrong answers gives you the right answer

338
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

If something has a few characteristics of a schema, it’s in the schema

339
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Strategy easily coming to mind

340
Q

Anchoring Bias

A

A powerful/emotional thought that affects the whole mind

341
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

We listen only to what supports our opinions

342
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Convincing ourselves that we knew it all along

343
Q

Fixedness

A

Not being able to see from another POV

344
Q

Framing Effect

A

How something is presented affects our thoughts about it

345
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

Assuming correlation based on circumstantial evidence

346
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Not being able to see other uses for things

347
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Holding onto wrong opinions, even knowing that they’re wrong

348
Q

Operational Definition

A

Defining something so that it can be measured

349
Q

Psychometrics

A

Measuring the mind (processing speed)

350
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Related to processing speed

351
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Related to heuristics, slower as we age

352
Q

Flynn Effect

A

Over time, the average IQ of a society rises

353
Q

Savant Syndrome

A

A genius ability in a very narrow area

354
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

Members of a group thought to be “less than” in a given area will perform worse in that area

355
Q

Francis Galton

A

First one to qualify intelligence, correlated it with reaction times, supported eugenics

356
Q

Alfred Binet

A

Invented the first IQ test

357
Q

Mental Age

A

At what level a child is operating

358
Q

Chronological Age

A

Actual age

359
Q

IQ

A

(Mental Age/Chronological Age) x 100
100 is average

360
Q

Lewis Terman

A

Reconfigured Binet test for US population (Stanford-Binet), supported eugenics and used IQ tests to justify beliefs

361
Q

David Wechsler

A

Valued nonverbal performance, WAI (adults) and WISC (children)

362
Q

Howard Gardner’s Types of Intelligence

A

Linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal (mental health), interpersonal (other people), naturalist

363
Q

Charles Spearman

A

Believed in one general intelligence (g) and other abilities (s)

364
Q

Factor Analysis

A

Factors that are similar can be grouped together

365
Q

Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

A

Applied in environment, sub-types: practical, experiential, analytical (realistic, creative, academic)

366
Q

Standardization

A

The process of making a test uniform

367
Q

Reliability

A

The consistency of the findings or results of a study

368
Q

Validity

A

The test measuring what it is designed to measure

369
Q

Split in Half Method

A

Helps ensure testing correlation (if someone does better on one half than the other, correlation is lower)

370
Q

Content Validity

A

How well a test measures all aspects of what it’s testing

371
Q

Construct Validity

A

How well a test measures accurately what it’s supposed to

372
Q

Criterion Validity

A

Correlates to outside measure, how well the test can predict future results

373
Q

Predictive Validity

A

A large group’s future performance on a test

374
Q

Secondary Language Acquisition

A

Purposeful activity to learn a second language

375
Q

Primary Language Acquisition

A

Unconscious, complex neural process

376
Q

Language Acquisition Device

A

Humans will always learn language

377
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

The language one speaks influences the way they think

378
Q

Linguistic Determinism

A

The language we are born into shapes our thoughts

379
Q

Linguistic Relativity

A

Thoughts can be altered if a person thinks in a second language

380
Q

Stages of Language Acquisition

A
  1. Eye contact
  2. Babbling
  3. Holophase
  4. Telegraphic Speech
  5. Fast Mapping
  6. Overgeneralization
  7. Critical Period
  8. Sensitive Period
381
Q

Holophrase

A

One word conveying a complete thought

382
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

Two word phrases

383
Q

Fast Mapping

A

Using context

384
Q

Overgeneralization

A

Misapplying grammar rules

385
Q

Stages of Prenatal Development

A

Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal

386
Q

Germinal Stage

A

Zygote undergoes rapid cell division, sex determined by father, least vulnerable to environment

387
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

Inability to produce enzymes to digest proteins, inherited, autosomal recessive

388
Q

Down Syndrome

A

Caused by gene copying error, delays in physical growth, intellectual disability

389
Q

Placenta

A

Provides nourishment and oxygen to embryo, affected by what the mother consumes

390
Q

Effects of Alcohol on Fetus

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, susceptibility to alcohol abuse

391
Q

Effects of Tobacco on Fetus

A

Cleft palate, low birth weight

392
Q

Teratogens

A

Things that can have a negative impact on fetus. Alcohol, tobacco, etc

393
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

2 weeks to 8 weeks, organs form, heartbeat, central nervous system develops

394
Q

Fetal Stage

A

9 weeks to birth, sex organs, toes, fingers, hearing, lungs, bones, muscles, brain growth

395
Q

Trust vs Mistrust

A

Erikson’s stages, infancy, no trust means infant views world as dangerous

396
Q

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt

A

Erikson’s stages, early childhood, potty training, confidence vs shame

397
Q

Initiative vs Guilt

A

Erikson’s stages, play age, “I do it”

398
Q

Industry vs Inferiority

A

Erikson’s stages, school age, industry- hardworking, making friends, doing well in school

399
Q

Secure Attachment Style

A

Distressed when mother leaves, avoids strangers when mother not present, friendly when mother present, happy, easily soothed, willing to explore but returns to mother for comfort

400
Q

Insecure-Resistant Attachment Style

A

Distress when mother leaves, fear/avoidance of strangers, approaches mother but resists physical contact, less willing to explore new environment

401
Q

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment Style

A

Not distressed when mother leaves, no fear of strangers, little to no interest shown to mother upon return, equally uncomfortable with mother and a stranger

402
Q

Authoritative Parenting

A

Desirable, rules and responsibilities, responsive, children are capable and confident

403
Q

Uninvolved

A

Rules not enforced, non-responsive, children are anxious, withdrawn, and untrusting

404
Q

Authoritarian

A

Rules, inflexible, rigid standards, little autonomy, children have low self esteem and anger

405
Q

Permissive

A

Rules not enforced, little boundaries, responsive, children are self involved and demanding

406
Q

Schema Assimilation

A

Using schemas to interpret a stimulus (ex: calling a cat a dog because both have four legs)

407
Q

Schema Accomodation

A

Altering a schema to incorporate new information (ex: being able to identify a cat after learning what a cat is)

408
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Piaget’s stages, birth to 2 years, object permanence

409
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

Piaget’s stages, 2 to 7 years, theory of mind, symbolic thought, assembling words

410
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

Piaget’s stages, 7 to 12 years, logic

411
Q

Formal Operational

A

Piaget’s stages, 12+, abstract thought

412
Q

Egocentrism

A

Inability to see another point of view

413
Q

Theory of Mind

A

A sense of what others are thinking or feeling

414
Q

Identity vs Role Confusion

A

Erikson’s stages, adolescence

415
Q

Intimacy vs Isolation

A

Erikson’s stages, early adulthood

416
Q

Diffusion

A

Inactive, identity not considered, low exploration, low commitment

417
Q

Moratorium

A

Options open, low commitment, high exploration

418
Q

Foreclosure

A

Low exploration, high commitment, little exploration of alternatives

419
Q

Achievement

A

High exploration, high commitment

420
Q

Adolescent Egocentrism

A

Imagining how others view you, leads to imaginary audience and personal fable

421
Q

Imaginary Audience

A

Belief that others are watching and evaluating

422
Q

Personal Fable

A

Belief that none of life’s problems affect you, leads to risk taking

423
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

Combination of several ideas, based on biological, social, and psychological factors

424
Q

Generativity vs Stagnation

A

Erikson’s stages, middle adulthood

425
Q

Ego Integrity vs Despair

A

Erikson’s stages, late adulthood

426
Q

Preconventional Morality

A

Right and wrong determined by reward and punishment
Stage 1- whatever leads to punishment is wrong
Stage 2- the right way to behave is the way that is rewarded

427
Q

Conventional Morality

A

Views of others matter, avoidance, seeking approval
Stage 3- Conforming to the good behaviors expected of us
Stage 4- Obedience to authority, duty

428
Q

Postconventional Morality

A

Abstract, rights of others can override obedience
Stage 5- Difference between legal right and moral right
Stage 6- Takes the views of everyone affected into account

429
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Participants responding in a way they think researchers expect

430
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

Said that Kohlberg’s theory of morality doesn’t apply to women and that women focus more on interpersonal relationships

431
Q

Gender Stereotypes

A

Schemas developed by children about gender roles

432
Q

Gender Schema Theory

A

Children form schemas for masculinity and femininity and match themselves to that role

433
Q

Motivation

A

A need or desire that directs behavior towards a goal

434
Q

Primary Needs

A

Innate and unlearned (hunger, thirst, warmth)

435
Q

Secondary Needs

A

Psychological, approval/love/belonging

436
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

We are motivated to engage in behaviors that reduce drives to maintain homeostasis

437
Q

Drive

A

State of tension or arousal caused by needs

438
Q

Incentive Theory

A

We are pulled by incentives to engage in certain behaviors

439
Q

Incentives

A

Stimuli that motivate and pull us toward a behavior

440
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

An expected external incentive (money, etc) decreases intrinsic motivation

441
Q

Arousal Theory

A

People are motivated to take certain actions to maintain a personal optimum level of arousal

442
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

Too much or too little arousal will impede performance

443
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus

A

Promotes eating through the hormones orexin and ghrelin when hungry

444
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

A

Promotes satiety when stimulated by PYY, leptin, and insulin (raised glucose = diminished hunger)

445
Q

Motivational Conflict

A

When a desire to act conflicts with another emotion or motivation

446
Q

Approach-Approach Conflict

A

Win-win situation, two desirable, mutually exclusive options, low conflict, convenience

447
Q

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

A

Two undesirable, mutually exclusive options, lesser of two evils, procrastination, high conflict

448
Q

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A

One event or goal has both desirable and undesirable consequences, avoid, major conflict

449
Q

Double Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A

Two mutually exclusive options have both desirable and undesirable consequences, highest level of conflict

450
Q

James Lange Theory

A

Stimulus leads to arousal, which leads to an emotional experience

451
Q

Schachter Singer Theory

A

Stimulus leads to arousal, which causes cognitive appraisal and leads to emotion (some emotions seem automatic, sometimes appraisal comes first)

452
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

Stimulus goes to the thalamus, which causes arousal and emotion simultaneously (doesn’t account for novel situations)

453
Q

Lazarus Theory

A

Stimulus leads to cognitive appraisal, which leads to both arousal and emotion

454
Q

“High Road” to Emotion

A

Lazarus and Schachter-Singer, goes through cognitive appraisal in the cortex

455
Q

Zajanc-LeDoux Theory

A

Stimulus leads directly to emotion (“low road”)

456
Q

Stress

A

The body’s response to a disruption of homeostasis, increases chance of illness

457
Q

Adaptation

A

Change in response to a stressor

458
Q

Eustress

A

Beneficial stress

459
Q

Distress

A

Harmful stress

460
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Alarm Reaction, Resistance, Exhaustion

461
Q

Alarm Reaction

A

Stressor upsets homeostasis

462
Q

Resistance

A

Body adjusts to stressor

463
Q

Exhaustion

A

Body can no longer resist stressor

464
Q

Personality

A

The characteristic pattern of someone’s thinking, feeling, and acting

465
Q

To what degree do differences in genes account for personality?

A

Roughly .5

466
Q

Id

A

Primal, pleasure seeking, immediate gratification, unconscious (“devil”)

467
Q

Superego

A

Conscience, restrains the id, unconscious, socialization, guilt (“angel”)

468
Q

Ego

A

Conscious, listens to both id and superego, operates in reality, delayed gratification

469
Q

Oral Stage

A

Birth to 18 months, oral stimulation (sucking, chewing)

470
Q

Anal Stage

A

18 months to 3 years, potty training

471
Q

Phallic Stage

A

3 to 6, seeking genital stimulation, beginning sexual identification by observing parents, Oedipus complex

472
Q

Latency Stage

A

6 to puberty, fixations and sexual feelings are hidden

473
Q

Genital Stage

A

Puberty onwards, pleasure found in sexual behavior

474
Q

Carl Jung

A

Proposed the collective unconscious

475
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Inferiority complex

476
Q

Karen Horney

A

People are shaped by environmental and social factors as well, proposed Electra complex and womb envy

477
Q

Neo Freudians

A

Adapted Freud’s theories, created the modern psychodynamic perspective

478
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

How the ego defends against the id and the superego

479
Q

Compensation

A

Trying to “make up” for a perceived weakness in life

480
Q

Displacement

A

Taking out your feelings on others

481
Q

Denial

A

Pretending that something doesn’t exist

482
Q

Repression

A

Unconsciously keeping unpleasant information from your conscious mind

483
Q

Suppression

A

Consciously keeping unpleasant information from your conscious mind

484
Q

Sublimation

A

Turning unacceptable impulses into acceptable behavior

485
Q

Projection

A

Assigning your thoughts or emotions to others

486
Q

Intellectualization

A

Thinking about stressful things in a clinical way

487
Q

Rationalization

A

Justifying a behavior with logic

488
Q

Regression

A

Reverting to earlier behaviors

489
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Replacing an unwanted impulse with the opposite

490
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Bobo Doll experiments, observational learning, imitation is not always flattery

491
Q

Rotter’s Expectancy Theory

A

Behavior is governed by expectations

492
Q

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

A

Personality is learned in social situations

493
Q

Observational Learning

A

Seeing something modeled and repeating it

494
Q

Self Efficacy

A

Belief in your ability to be successful at a task

495
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

Mental state, behavior, and environment affect one another

496
Q

Self Concept

A

How we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves

497
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Humanist, suggested that we crave positive regard, and if it agrees with our own evaluations, we are in congruency

498
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Physiological
Safety
Belonging and Love
Self Esteem
Self Actualization

499
Q

Trait Theory

A

-Personality traits are relatively stable and predictable
-Traits are stable across situations
-Everyone is different in how much of any trait they have

500
Q

Cardinal Traits

A

Dominant, rare

501
Q

Central Traits

A

Strong traits but not the only trait that defines someone

502
Q

Secondary Traits

A

Other traits that are a part of someone’s personality

503
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

Used factor analysis to find 16 personality factors

504
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

Emotionality vs Stability, Extraversion vs Introversion, believed in biological causes for traits

505
Q

Big Five Model

A

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

506
Q

Situational Tests

A

Lab measurements of reactions

507
Q

Observer Ratings

A

Judgment made by those close to the individual

508
Q

Objective Personality Tests

A

More reliable

509
Q

Projective Personality Tests

A

Psychodynamic, unconscious influences answers

510
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

A

Objective, uses clinical scales, can be used for diagnosis

511
Q

Myers Briggs Test

A

Less reliable than the MMPI, objective

512
Q

NEO-PI

A

Assesses Big Five traits, reliable, objective

513
Q

Rorschach Test

A

Projective, asks what people see in various inkblots, unreliable

514
Q

Thematic Apperception Test

A

Projective, people make up stories about ambiguous images, unreliable

515
Q

Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

A

Clinical diagnosis, created for standardization, disorder must cause significant disturbance to be diagnosable

516
Q

David Rosenhan

A

Falsely checked into a mental hospital, clinicians kept insinuating members of the study needed to say despite them saying they no longer had symptoms, dangers of labeling disorders

517
Q

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A

Disorders that emerge during development in adolescence

518
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Affects communication and behavior, focused interests, repetitive behavior

519
Q

ADHD

A

Attention difficulties, hyperactivity, impulsivity

520
Q

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

A

Symptoms: Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonia (abnormal motor behavior), negative symptoms
2 of 5 needed for diagnosis

521
Q

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Reduced emotional expression, flat affect, initiative

522
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Most common disorder. Symptoms: Depressed mood, lack of interest in activities, weight change, affected appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation/retardation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, problems with concentration, indecisiveness, frequent thoughts of death or suicide

523
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Moving from depressive episodes to manic episodes, change is gradual

524
Q

Anxiety

A

A normal reaction to stress or the unpredictable

525
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

Anxiety is consistent and interferes with someone’s life

526
Q

Phobia

A

Out of proportion fear of something specific

527
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

Anxiety about social situations and being judged

528
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Sudden and repeating panic attacks

529
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of public situations that cannot be escaped

530
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Excessive worry or anxiety, often about multiple things

531
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

Obsessions and compulsions

532
Q

Obsessions

A

Persistent and troubling thoughts or urges

533
Q

Compulsions

A

Actions taken to reduce the obsessive thoughts

534
Q

Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders

A

In response to an overwhelmingly tragic event

535
Q

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

A

Lasts a long time, reliving the traumatic event, avoidance behaviors, cognitive/mood changes, arousal issues, treatable

536
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

Hard to diagnose, disruption or separation of self, caused by trauma

537
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

Incomplete overall personality, multiple “alters”, amnesia

538
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Significant memory loss, long lasting

539
Q

Depersonalization Disorder

A

Episodes of detachment from your body (depersonalization) or the world (derealization)

540
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorders

A

The brain producing changes in the body

541
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

Response is similar to a nervous system disorder (paralysis, seizures)

542
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder

A

Response is mostly cognitive, hypochondria

543
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

Cognitive distress about symptoms already present, excessive concern

544
Q

Facetious Disorder

A

Pretending to have symptoms for no personal gain

545
Q

Personality Disorders

A

An enduring pattern of behavior that deviates from societal expectations and manifests in childhood

546
Q

Cluster A

A

Schizoid- Detachment from relationships
Paranoid- Distrust and suspicion
Schizotypal- Discomfort in close relationships

547
Q

Cluster B

A

Antisocial- Disregard for the rights of others, lack of remorse
Histrionic- Excessive emotionality, attention seeking
Narcissistic- High self perception, ego

548
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

Impulsivity, fear of abandonment, mood swings, unstable relationships

549
Q

Cluster C

A

Avoidant- Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to criticism
Dependent- Submissive and clinging behavior, fear of abandonment
Obsessive Compulsive- Preoccupation with perfection, order and control

550
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Persistent energy intake restrictions, fear of weight gain, disturbances in self perception, primarily affects females 15% below ideal body weight

551
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Binging and purging cycles

552
Q

Binge Eating Disorder

A

Recurring episodes of binge eating

553
Q

Addictive Disorders

A

Taking large amounts of a drug, being unable to stop, cravings, change in behavior, etc

554
Q

Tolerance

A

Needing more of a drug to feel an effect

555
Q

Psychotherapy

A

Talk therapy, counseling (psychologist, therapist, social worker)

556
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

Medication (psychiatrist)

557
Q

Psychoanalytic Therapy

A

Disorders are caused by repressed inner conflicts, neuroses, bring the unconscious into the conscious, free association, proceeds slowly, therapist helps pass through resistance, hypnosis, projective tests, dream analysis, therapist is a neutral listener, therapist interprets thoughts

558
Q

Free Association

A

Whatever comes to mind

559
Q

Transference

A

Giving feelings to therapist, positive or negative

560
Q

Psychodynamic Therapy

A

Shorter, explores ways we avoid troubling thoughts, difficult to prove

561
Q

Humanistic/Client Centered Therapy

A

Carl Rogers, person seeking treatment is equal to therapist, client leads, therapist facilitates growth and self esteem, therapist is an active listener, unconditional positive regard, no judgement, gentleness, empathy, helps empower, difficult for illness treatment

562
Q

Behavioral Therapy

A

Behaviors are the result of learning, therapist works to learn new behaviors, beneficial for treatment, doesn’t account for cognition

563
Q

Exposure Therapy

A

Mary Cover Jones, continuous exposure to a phobia to recover from it

564
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

Joseph Wolpe, gradual increases of the phobia to help recover from it

565
Q

Flooding

A

Rapid, intense exposure

566
Q

Aversive Conditioning

A

Pairing undesirable behavior with aversive stimulus

567
Q

Token Economy

A

Operant conditioning, works well in office environments

568
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

Abnormal behaviors are the result of faulty thinking, therapist helps identify harmful thoughts

569
Q

REBT

A

Albert Ellis, helping people think rationally, therapist is blunt and rational, reframing, thought stoppage, disputing

570
Q

ABC Model

A

Activating Event, Beliefs, Consequence

571
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A

Aaron Beck, creating a new self schema, warmer relationship between client and therapist, beneficial for disorders, decreases relapse

572
Q

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

A

Marsha Linehan, CBT+mindfulness, dialetics

573
Q

Dialetics

A

Everything is made of opposites

574
Q

Biological Therapy

A

Disorders are a result of physical issues, psychopharmacology, electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation

575
Q

Medications

A

Anxiolytics, anti-depressants, antipsychotic, mood stabilizers, stimulants

576
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy

A

Controlled electrical currents in the brain, treats depression and bipolar, 4 to 6 treatments needed before improvement shows

577
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

A

Electromagnetic pulses sent to “emotional lows” in the brain to activate depressed neurons

578
Q

Eclectic Therapy

A

Based on biopsychosocial model, mix of other types of

579
Q

Attribution Theory

A

Explains how we attribute our own behaviors and the behavior of others

580
Q

Situational Attribution

A

Blaming or crediting the situation

581
Q

Dispositional Attribution

A

Blaming or crediting a trait of someone

582
Q

Outgroup Homogeneity

A

Allows for bias and prejudice

583
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Comparing someone of a new group to a “prototype” of that group

584
Q

Self Serving Bias

A

Manipulating information to make yourself look good

585
Q

Just World Hypothesis

A

The idea that the world is fair, victim blaming

586
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Judging yourself differently than others

587
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

Lots of people think how we do

588
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

Attitude and behavior are in conflict

589
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

How much someone thinks about relevant info in an argument

590
Q

Central Route to Persuasion

A

Using facts to persuade, takes time, high level of elaboration

591
Q

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

A

Using emotion, fast, heuristics

592
Q

Solomon Asch Line Experiment

A

Looked at conformity

593
Q

Informational Social Influence

A

Conforming because others might have better information

594
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

Conforming because others have higher status

595
Q

Milgram Obedience Study

A

“Teachers” were told to press a button and shock the “learner” with progressively bigger shocks, teachers complied with Milgram because he appeared as an authority

596
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment

A

Philip Zombardo, people were assigned as prisoners or guards and both overly conformed to their roles, tested conformity

597
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

We feel less responsible to take the right action when others are around

598
Q

Ingroup/Outgroup Bias

A

We like our group more than others

599
Q

Deindividuation

A

Crowd dictates individual behavior

600
Q

Bystander Effect

A

We feel less responsible to help when others are around

601
Q

Social Facilitation

A

When others are around, people perform better at something they’re confident in

602
Q

Reciprocity Norm

A

We do back what is done to us

603
Q

Social Norms

A

An understanding of how people should behave

604
Q

Social Inhibition

A

Changing our behavior to match norms

605
Q

Group Polarization

A

Group decisions and opinions become more extreme

606
Q

Social Traps

A

Short term competition reduces long term utility

607
Q

Social Loafing

A

The idea that someone else will take care of work

608
Q

Game Theory

A

A method of seeking a win-win

609
Q

Bias

A

The predisposition of an attitude towards someone

610
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Judging other cultures according to the preconceptions of your own culture

611
Q

Outgroup Homogeneity

A

“They’re all like that”

612
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A

Developing positive feelings for things after frequent exposure

613
Q

Aggression

A

Hostile behavior towards others

614
Q

Passive Aggression

A

Indirect hostile behavior

615
Q

Scapegoating

A

Blaming innocents for the fault of others

616
Q

Superordinate Goal

A

Two groups need each other to achieve the goal

617
Q

Robber’s Cave Experiment

A

Field experiment, not generalizable, established aggression among groups and then made them work together, decreased aggression

618
Q

Companionate Attraction

A

Deeper than friendship, but not passionate

619
Q

Passionate Attraction

A

Intimate and physical, but lacking longevity

620
Q

Consummate Attraction

A

Passionate and committed

621
Q

Halo Effect

A

Thinking attractive people are nicer, smarter, kinder

622
Q

Habituation

A

The diminishing of a response to a frequently repeated stimulus

623
Q

Effects of Heroin

A

Lethargy, constricted pupils

624
Q

Mild Disability

A

Deficits pertaining to abstract or theoretical functioning

625
Q

Moderate Disability

A

Observable developmental delays, often with physical impairments

626
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

Underlying psychological tension is caused by cognitive dissonance

627
Q

Type 1 Error

A

Stating there was a difference when there wasn’t

628
Q

Type 2 Error

A

Staring there was no difference when there was

629
Q

Percentile

A

Scoring higher than that percentage of people

630
Q

Delirium Tremens

A

Caused by alcohol withdrawals

631
Q

Morphemes

A

A meaningful unit of a language

632
Q

Aphasia

A

Limits conversation

633
Q

Groupthink

A

Making decisions as a group that discourage creativity and individual responsibility

634
Q

Ceiling Effect

A

Where an independent variable no longer affects the dependent variable

635
Q

Ekman’s Emotions

A

Disgust, anger, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise

636
Q

Olfactory Fatigue

A

Noseblindness

637
Q

Malingering

A

Falsification or exaggeration of illness to gain benefits

638
Q

Limbic System

A

The center of emotion in the brain

639
Q

Categorical Variable

A

A set of two or more categories

640
Q

Skinner Box

A

Mouse receives negative reinforcement

641
Q

Skinner Box

A

Mouse receives negative reinforcement

642
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

We are able to pick out one conversation that interests us in a room full of conversations

643
Q

Pruning

A

The removal of synaptic connections to increase efficiency

644
Q

Cochlear Implant

A

Helps with nerve deafness

645
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

What a learner can do with guidance

646
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Provide a level of confidence so researchers can reject the null hypothesis

647
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

Stroking the feet causes toes to fan out

648
Q

Moro Reflex

A

Occurs when infant is startled or feels like they’re falling

649
Q

Palmar Reflex

A

Allows a newborn to grasp an object

650
Q

Lazarus’s Model of Stress

A

Based on appraisal

651
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

One member of a color pair suppresses the other color in the pair

652
Q

Internal Validity

A

The certainty that an experiment’s results were caused by the independent variable

653
Q

Negative Triad

A

Negative beliefs about self, experiences, and the future

654
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The larger the original stimulus, the larger the difference needs to be for the difference to be detected

655
Q

Brain Waves in Sleep

A

Awake- Alpha
N1- Theta
N2- Spindles, k complexes
N3- Delta
REM- Beta

656
Q

Overextension

A

The tendency of young children to use a word beyond its specific meaning

657
Q

Underextension

A

Failure to use a word across its full adult range

658
Q

Contact Hypothesis

A

Contact with a different group can reduce prejudice

659
Q

Vanishing Point

A

The spot where two lines appear to meet

660
Q

Motion Parallax

A

Objects that are closer appear to move faster

661
Q

Aerial Perspective

A

The atmosphere causes distant objects to look hazy

662
Q

Stereopsis

A

The ability to see the world in 3D

663
Q

Retinal Convergence

A

The eyes turn inward to look at an object closely

664
Q

Dishabituation

A

The response to a known stimulus is enhanced

665
Q

Desensitization

A

Diminishes emotional response to a stimulus after repeated exposure

666
Q

Shaping

A

Behaviors that get closer and closer to a desired behavior are rewarded

667
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Memory, muscle contractions, voluntary movement

668
Q

Content Validity

A

How much a test measures what it’s supposed to

669
Q

Standardized

A

A test is administered to a sample reflecting the characteristics of the population

670
Q

Rothbart’s Scales of Temperament

A

Surgency, negative affect, effortful control

AP Psychology (1 decks)

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