AP Psych Units I + II Flashcards
A study method incorporating five steps; Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review.
S3R
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.
Testing effect
The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.
Social-cultural psychology
A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.
Psychodynamic psychology
The scientific study of links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological experiences. (Some biological psychologists call themselves bio psychologists.)
Biological Psychology
The scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by its principles of learning.
Behavioral Psychology
An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social culture viewpoints.
Biopsychological approach
The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
Positive psychology
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from generation to the next.
Culture
The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.
Behavior genetics
The study of mental processes, such as when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems.
Cognitive psychology
The long standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
Nature-nurture issue
The principle that inherited traits better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
Natural selection
The science of behavior and mental processes.
Psychology
The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language.)
Cognitive neuroscience
The scientific study of the measurements of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.
Psychometrics
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
Basic research
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the lifespan.
Developmental psychology
The study of how psychological processes can affect and can enhance teaching and learning.
Educational psychology
The study of individuals’ characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Personality psychology
The scientific study of how we think about influence, and relate to one another.
Social psychology
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
Applied research
The application of psychological concepts and human methods to optimizing human behavior in workplace.
Industrial-organization (I/O) psychology
A field of psych allied w/ I/O psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.
Human factors psychology
A branch of psych that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and achieving greater well-being.
Counseling psychology
Branch of psych that studies, assists, and treats people with psych disorders.
Clinical psychology
A branch of medicine that deals with psych disorders; practiced by physicians who are licensed to provide medical (ex. drug, treatments as well as psychological therapy
Psychiatry
A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.
Community psychology
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (AKA The I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)
Hindsight bias
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.
Theory
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
Hypothesis
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. Ex: Human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.
Operational definition
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced.
Replication
A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
Case study
A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations w/o trying to manipulate or control the situation.
Naturalistic observation
A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning or a representative, random sample of the group.
Survey
All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.
Population
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
Random sample
Thinking that doesn’t blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, and assesses conclusions.
Critical thinking
The idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge.
Empiricism
Professor who established first psych university in Leipzig, Germany. (Flicking lights guy)
Wilhelm Wundt
An early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the human mind structure.
Structuralism
The process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one’s own psych processes
Introspection
Used introspection to search for the mind’s structural elements.
Titchener
An early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explained how mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
Functionalism
Mentored by James, and became a pioneering memory researcher and first woman to be president of American Psychologist Association.
Mary Whiton Calkins
View that psych (1). Should be an objective science that (2). Studies behavior w/o reference to mental processes. (Most psychologists today disagree with 2)
Behaviorism
Championed psych as scientific study of behavior In controversial “Little Albert” study he and Rayner showed fear could be learned.
John B. Watson
This leading behavioralist rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior (Pigeon guy)
B.F. Skinner
Controversial ideas of famed personality theorist and therapist who have influenced humanity’s self-understanding.
Sigmund Freud
