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AP PSYCH UNIT 8 > AP PSYCH unit 8 > Flashcards

AP PSYCH unit 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation

A

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

Insinct theory

A

A view that explains human behavior as motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses

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3
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

the idea that physiological needs create an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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4
Q

arousal theory

A

A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation

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5
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

Maslows pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and hen phychological needs become active

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6
Q

instinct

A

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and it unlearned

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7
Q

physiological need

A

a basic bodily requirment

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8
Q

homeostasis

A

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state (the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level, ex: glucose)

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9
Q

Ancel Keys

A

Conducted a semi-starvation experiments to measure psych effects of hunger

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10
Q

Loran Nordgren

A

Found that individuals in a motivational “hot” state (such as fatigue, hunger, or sexual arousal), become more aware of having had such feelings in the past and are more sympathetic to how fatigue, hunger, or sexual arousal might drive others.

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11
Q

A.L. Washburn ( w help of Walter Cannon)

A

swallowed a balloon to see relation between stomach contractions and hunger

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12
Q

glucose

A

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major scource of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

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13
Q

insulin

A

A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues

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14
Q

arcuate nucleus

A

an arc-shaped hypothalamic nucleus implicated in appetite control

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15
Q

ghrelin

A

A hunger-arousing hormine secreted by an empty stomach

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16
Q

leptin

A

hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used

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17
Q

self-disclosure

A

voluntary sharing of information about the self that another person is not likley to know

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18
Q

subjective well-being

A

self perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

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19
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

the principle that preformance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which preformance decreases

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20
Q

Viktor Frankel

A

worked on self-transcendence in the hierarchy of needs

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21
Q

Orexin

A

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

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22
Q

set point

A

the point at which an individuals “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metablic rate may act to restore the lost weight

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23
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure (metabolism)

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24
Q

neophobia

A

dislike of unfamiliar things

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25
Q

ecology of eating

A

situations control our eating

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26
Q

asexual

A

having no sexual attraction

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27
Q

testosterone

A

primary male sex hormone. both amles and females have it but the addittional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and development of the male sex characteristics

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28
Q

Estrogen

A

primary female sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by famles than males and contributing to female sex characteristics.

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29
Q

Alfred Kinsley

A

his research described human sexual behavior and was controversial (for its methodology and findings)

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30
Q

sexual response cycle

A

the 4 stages of sexual responding: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. (masters and johnson found through direct observation and experimentation)

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31
Q

refractory period

A

in human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person can’t acheive another

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31
Q

habituate

A

lessen a response as one becomes accustomed due to repeated exposire

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32
Q

sexual orinetation

A

A person’s sexual idenitity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted

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32
Q

affiliation need

A

the need to build relationships and to feel a part of a group

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33
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Desdcribed urge to form community

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33
Q

autonomy

A

a sense of personal control

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33
Q

competence

A

the ability to do something successfully or efficiently

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34
Q

self-esteem

A

one’s feelings of high or low self-worth

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35
Q

avoidance

A

feeling such discomfort over getting close to others that avoidant strategies are used to maintain distance

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36
Q

ostracism

A

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

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37
Q

narcissism

A

excessive self-love and self-absorbtion

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38
Q

acheivment motivation

A

a desire for significant accomplisment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

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39
Q

grit

A

passion and perserverance in the pursuit of long term goals (duckworth and seligman)

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40
Q

Emotions

A

A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) consious experience

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41
Q

William James

A

(guy that said) physical expression comes before conscious emotion

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42
Q

Carl Lange

A

(guy) proposed james-lange theory

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43
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli (stimulus –> arousal –> emotion)

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44
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotions

A

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

45
Q

Two-factor Theory (Schachter and Singer)

A

(the Schachter-Singer theory that) to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

46
Q

spillover effect

A

arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event

47
Q

Robert Zajnoc

A

emotional responses separate from conscious interpretation of stimuli

48
Q

Joseph LeDoux

A

psychologist who believed that some of our emotional reastions involve no deliberate thinking and cognition is not always necessary for emotion

49
Q

Richard Lazarus

A

American psychologist who concluded that some emotional responses do not require conscious thought

50
Q

Carol Izard + the 10 Emotions

A

isolated 10 emotions: joy, excitement/interest, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt

51
Q

polygraph

A

a machine used in attempts to detect lied that measures several of the physiological responses (perspiration, heart rate, breathing changes, ect.) that accompany emotion

52
Q

Paul Ekman (and Wallace Friesen)

A

In a series of cross-cultural studies, they found that people can identify six or so basic emotions from facial expressions

53
Q

facial feedback effect

A

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

54
Q

Behavior feedback effect

A

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions

55
Q

stress

A

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events (stressors), that we find threatening or challenging

56
Q

Walter Cannon

A

studied stress as a biological and psychological response

57
Q

General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)

A

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

58
Q

Tend-and-befriend response

A

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

59
Q

health psychology

A

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

60
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

61
Q

coronary heart disease

A

the clogging of the vessels that courish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

62
Q

Type A personality

A

(Friedman and Rosenman’s term for) competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

63
Q

Type B Personality

A

(Friedman and Rosenman’s term for) easygoing, relaxed people

64
Q

Catharsis

A

the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) releives agressive urges

65
Q

Aerobic exercise

A

sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

66
Q

mindfulness meditiation

A

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner

67
Q

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

A

people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

68
Q

Positive psychology

A

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

69
Q

Martin Seligman

A

researcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology. (+ grit)

70
Q

positive well-being

A

(1st pillar) satisfaction with th epast, happiness with the present, and optimism about the futute

71
Q

positive character

A

(2nd pillar) - focuses on exploring and enhancing creativity, courage, integrit, self-control, leadership, wisdom, and spirituality

72
Q

adaption-level-phenomenon

A

our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

73
Q

relative deprivation

A

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

74
Q

Personality

A

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feling, and acting

75
Q

Psychodynamic theories

A

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

76
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

77
Q

unconscious

A

(acc. to Freud) a resevoir of mostly unnacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information of which we’re unaware

78
Q

Free association

A

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

79
Q

Id

A

A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

80
Q

Ego

A

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

81
Q

Superego

A

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

82
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

83
Q

Oedipus complex

A

(acc. to freud) a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

84
Q

identification

A

(Freud) the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

85
Q

Fixation

A

(freud) in psychoanalytic theory, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
(ex: mommy issues, fetishes, ect.)

86
Q

Defense mechanism

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

87
Q

repression

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

88
Q

Collective unconscious

A

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history

89
Q

Projective test

A

a personality test that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

90
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

91
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

92
Q

terror-management theory

A

A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

93
Q

Humanistic theories

A

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

94
Q

self-actualization

A

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential

95
Q

self-transcendence

A

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

96
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rodgers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

97
Q

self-concept

A

all of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves. answer to “Who am I?”

98
Q

Trait

A

A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offsrping through its genes

99
Q

Personality Inventory

A

A questionnare (often w true or false Q’s or agree/disagree) on which ppl respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

100
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality INventory (MMPI)

A

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

101
Q

Empirically derived test

A

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

102
Q

Social-cognitive perspective

A

views that behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context

103
Q

Behavioral Approach

A

perpective in personality theory that focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

104
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

105
Q

The big 5 Traits - OCEAN

A

(Robert McCrea and Paul Costa)
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

106
Q

self

A

in contemporary psych, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

107
Q

Spotlight Effect

A

overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, preformance, and blunders

108
Q

self-esteem

A

one’s feelings of high or low self-worth

109
Q

self-efficacy

A

one’s sense of competence and effecteveness

110
Q

self-serving bias

A

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

111
Q

individualism

A

giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

112
Q

collectivism

A

giving priority to the goals of one’s group and defining one’s identity accordingly (often one’s extended family or work group)

113
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

114
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of “inferiority complex” and stressed the importance of birth order

115
Q

Karen Horney

A

Believed personality is shaped by the social relationships between young children and their needs
*Stressed the parent-child relationship
- Studied what produced anxiety

AP PSYCH UNIT 8 (1 decks)

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