AP PSYCH unit 8 Flashcards
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Motivation
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Insinct theory
A view that explains human behavior as motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses
drive-reduction theory
the idea that physiological needs create an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
arousal theory
A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation
hierarchy of needs
Maslows pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and hen phychological needs become active
instinct
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and it unlearned
physiological need
a basic bodily requirment
homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state (the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level, ex: glucose)
Ancel Keys
Conducted a semi-starvation experiments to measure psych effects of hunger
Loran Nordgren
Found that individuals in a motivational “hot” state (such as fatigue, hunger, or sexual arousal), become more aware of having had such feelings in the past and are more sympathetic to how fatigue, hunger, or sexual arousal might drive others.
A.L. Washburn ( w help of Walter Cannon)
swallowed a balloon to see relation between stomach contractions and hunger
glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major scource of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
insulin
A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues
arcuate nucleus
an arc-shaped hypothalamic nucleus implicated in appetite control
ghrelin
A hunger-arousing hormine secreted by an empty stomach
leptin
hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used
self-disclosure
voluntary sharing of information about the self that another person is not likley to know
subjective well-being
self perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
the principle that preformance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which preformance decreases
Viktor Frankel
worked on self-transcendence in the hierarchy of needs
Orexin
hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus
set point
the point at which an individuals “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metablic rate may act to restore the lost weight
basal metabolic rate
the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure (metabolism)
neophobia
dislike of unfamiliar things
ecology of eating
situations control our eating
asexual
having no sexual attraction
testosterone
primary male sex hormone. both amles and females have it but the addittional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and development of the male sex characteristics
Estrogen
primary female sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by famles than males and contributing to female sex characteristics.
Alfred Kinsley
his research described human sexual behavior and was controversial (for its methodology and findings)
sexual response cycle
the 4 stages of sexual responding: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. (masters and johnson found through direct observation and experimentation)
refractory period
in human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person can’t acheive another
habituate
lessen a response as one becomes accustomed due to repeated exposire
sexual orinetation
A person’s sexual idenitity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted
affiliation need
the need to build relationships and to feel a part of a group
Alfred Adler
Desdcribed urge to form community
autonomy
a sense of personal control
competence
the ability to do something successfully or efficiently
self-esteem
one’s feelings of high or low self-worth
avoidance
feeling such discomfort over getting close to others that avoidant strategies are used to maintain distance
ostracism
deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absorbtion
acheivment motivation
a desire for significant accomplisment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard
grit
passion and perserverance in the pursuit of long term goals (duckworth and seligman)
Emotions
A response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) consious experience
William James
(guy that said) physical expression comes before conscious emotion
Carl Lange
(guy) proposed james-lange theory
James-Lange Theory
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli (stimulus –> arousal –> emotion)
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotions
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
Two-factor Theory (Schachter and Singer)
(the Schachter-Singer theory that) to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal
spillover effect
arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event
Robert Zajnoc
emotional responses separate from conscious interpretation of stimuli
Joseph LeDoux
psychologist who believed that some of our emotional reastions involve no deliberate thinking and cognition is not always necessary for emotion
Richard Lazarus
American psychologist who concluded that some emotional responses do not require conscious thought
Carol Izard + the 10 Emotions
isolated 10 emotions: joy, excitement/interest, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt
polygraph
a machine used in attempts to detect lied that measures several of the physiological responses (perspiration, heart rate, breathing changes, ect.) that accompany emotion
Paul Ekman (and Wallace Friesen)
In a series of cross-cultural studies, they found that people can identify six or so basic emotions from facial expressions
facial feedback effect
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
Behavior feedback effect
the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions
stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events (stressors), that we find threatening or challenging
Walter Cannon
studied stress as a biological and psychological response
General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
Tend-and-befriend response
under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)
health psychology
a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
coronary heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that courish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
Type A personality
(Friedman and Rosenman’s term for) competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B Personality
(Friedman and Rosenman’s term for) easygoing, relaxed people
Catharsis
the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) releives agressive urges
Aerobic exercise
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety
mindfulness meditiation
a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
Positive psychology
the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
Martin Seligman
researcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology. (+ grit)
positive well-being
(1st pillar) satisfaction with th epast, happiness with the present, and optimism about the futute
positive character
(2nd pillar) - focuses on exploring and enhancing creativity, courage, integrit, self-control, leadership, wisdom, and spirituality
adaption-level-phenomenon
our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
relative deprivation
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
Personality
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feling, and acting
Psychodynamic theories
theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
Psychoanalysis
Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
unconscious
(acc. to Freud) a resevoir of mostly unnacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information of which we’re unaware
Free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
Id
A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
Ego
the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
Superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
Psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Oedipus complex
(acc. to freud) a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
identification
(Freud) the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
Fixation
(freud) in psychoanalytic theory, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
(ex: mommy issues, fetishes, ect.)
Defense mechanism
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Collective unconscious
Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history
Projective test
a personality test that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Rorschach inkblot test
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
terror-management theory
A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
Humanistic theories
theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
self-actualization
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential
self-transcendence
according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self
Unconditional positive regard
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rodgers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
self-concept
all of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves. answer to “Who am I?”
Trait
A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offsrping through its genes
Personality Inventory
A questionnare (often w true or false Q’s or agree/disagree) on which ppl respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality INventory (MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.
Empirically derived test
a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
Social-cognitive perspective
views that behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context
Behavioral Approach
perpective in personality theory that focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development
Reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
The big 5 Traits - OCEAN
(Robert McCrea and Paul Costa)
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
self
in contemporary psych, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
Spotlight Effect
overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, preformance, and blunders
self-esteem
one’s feelings of high or low self-worth
self-efficacy
one’s sense of competence and effecteveness
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
individualism
giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
collectivism
giving priority to the goals of one’s group and defining one’s identity accordingly (often one’s extended family or work group)
Sigmund Freud
Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.
Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of “inferiority complex” and stressed the importance of birth order
Karen Horney
Believed personality is shaped by the social relationships between young children and their needs
*Stressed the parent-child relationship
- Studied what produced anxiety
