AP Psych Unit 5A- Cognition Vocab Flashcards
memory
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
relearning
measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
rehearsal
conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or encode for storage
spacing effect
tendency for distributed study or practice to have better long term retention than massed study
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the first and last terms in a list
visual encoding
encoding of picture images
acoustic encoding
encoding of sounds, especially the sound of words
semantic encoding
encoding of meaning ex. words
imagery
mental pictures; powerful aid to effortful processing especially with semantic encoding
mnemonics
memory aids that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
priming
unconscious activation of certain associations, predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response
mood-congruent memory
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with current mood (good/bad)
recognition
measure of memory in which one must identify items previously learned (multiple-choice test)
sensory memory
immediate, very brief recording of sensory info into memory system
short-term memory
activated memory holds 7, +-2, items before info is stored or forgotten
long-term memory
relatively permanent storehouse of memory system
working memory
new understanding of short-term memory focussing on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial, and long-term memory info
parallel processing
processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously
proactive interference
prior knowledge interfering with the recall of new info
retroactive
new info interfering with the recall of old info
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading info into one’s memory of an event
repression
psychoanalytic theory; defense mechanism to forget traumatic events/feelings
source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source of an event we experienced, heard, read, or imagined
encoding
processing info into memory system
storage
retention of encoded info over time
retrieval
process of getting info out of memory storage
chunking
organizing items into manageable units; often automatically
iconic memory
sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic memory lasting few tenths of a second
echoic memory
sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention elsewhere, sounds can be recalled within a few seconds
long-term potentiation
increase in synapse’s firing potential after rapid stimulation; believed to be neural basis for learning and memory
flashbulb memory
clear memory of emotionally significant moment
amnesia
loss of memory
implicit memory
retention independent of conscious recollection
explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know
hippocampus
neural center located in limbic system to process explicit memories for storage
recall
measure of memory where one must retrieve info learned earlier (fill-in-the-blank test)
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level based on structure or appearance of words
