AP Psych (Unit 4 Vocab) Flashcards
Unit 4
1
Q
Who is Abraham Maslow?
A
An American psychologist known for his humanistic theory of personality and the hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s hierarchy suggests that individuals strive for self-actualization and personal growth once their basic needs are met.
2
Q
What is achievement motivation?
A
The desire to excel, succeed, or accomplish challenging goals
Often driven by the pursuit of competence, mastery, or recognition in specific domains or tasks.
3
Q
Define actor-observer bias.
A
The tendency to attribute one’s own behavior to external factors while attributing others’ behavior to internal factors.
4
Q
What is the affiliation need?
A
A fundamental human motivation to seek social connections, relationships, and belongingness with others.
5
Q
What does agreeableness refer to?
A
A personality trait that reflects a person’s tendency to be compassionate and cooperative.
6
Q
Define aggression.
A
Behavior intended to cause harm or injury to another individual, either physically or psychologically.
7
Q
Who is Albert Bandura?
A
A psychologist known for his social-cognitive theory of personality and self-efficacy theory.
8
Q
Who is Alfred Adler?
A
An Austrian psychiatrist and founder of individual psychology, known for his theories on social dynamics.
9
Q
What is altruism?
A
Selfless behavior motivated by concern for the well-being of others.
10
Q
What is approach-approach conflict?
A
A type of conflict that occurs when a person must choose between two desirable outcomes.
11
Q
Define approach-avoidance conflict.
A
A conflict involving a single goal or event that has both positive and negative aspects.
12
Q
What does arousal theory suggest?
A
People are driven to perform actions to maintain an optimal level of physiological arousal.
13
Q
What is attribution?
A
The process by which individuals explain the causes of behavior and events.
14
Q
Define attitudes.
A
Evaluations, feelings, or beliefs about people, objects, or ideas that influence behavior.
15
Q
What is attribution theory?
A
A psychological framework that explores how individuals explain the causes of events and behaviors.
16
Q
What is avoidance-avoidance conflict?
A
A conflict that occurs when a person must choose between two unattractive outcomes.
17
Q
Define basal metabolic rate.
A
The minimum amount of energy required by the body to maintain basic physiological functions at rest.
18
Q
What is the behavior feedback effect?
A
The phenomenon where changes in behavior can influence emotional experience and physiological arousal.
19
Q
What does the behavioral approach focus on?
A
Observable behaviors, environmental influences, and learning principles in explaining personality.
20
Q
Define belief perseverance.
A
The tendency to cling to one’s initial beliefs even after receiving contradictory information.
21
Q
Who is Bibb Latane?
A
A social psychologist known for his research on social loafing and the bystander effect.
22
Q
What are the Big Five Factors?
A
Five broad dimensions of personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.
23
Q
What does the broaden & build theory suggest?
A
Positive emotions broaden awareness and encourage novel thoughts and actions.
24
Q
Define burnout.
A
A state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by excessive and prolonged stress.
25
What is the bystander effect?
A social phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency when others are present.
26
Who is Carl Jung?
Swiss psychiatrist known for his theories on the collective unconscious and archetypes.
27
Who is Carl Rogers?
An American psychologist known for his humanistic theory of personality and client-centered therapy.
28
What is central route persuasion?
A method of persuasion involving careful consideration and evaluation of arguments.
29
Define cognitive dissonance theory.
Suggests that individuals experience discomfort when their attitudes are inconsistent with their behavior.
30
What is the collective unconscious?
A shared reservoir of unconscious memories and symbols common to all humans.
31
Define collectivism.
A cultural orientation prioritizing the interests of the group over those of the individual.
32
What is companionate love?
A deep emotional bond characterized by intimacy, trust, affection, and commitment.
33
Define conflict.
A perceived incompatibility of goals, interests, or values between individuals or groups.
34
What is confirmation bias?
The tendency to search for information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs.
35
Define conformity.
The tendency to adjust one's attitudes or behaviors to match those of a majority group.
36
What is conscientiousness?
A personality trait characterized by organization, dependability, and discipline.
37
What does culture refer to?
The shared beliefs, values, and norms that characterize a particular group or society.
38
What are defense mechanisms?
Unconscious strategies used by the ego to protect against anxiety and conflicts.
39
Define deindividuation.
The loss of self-awareness and individuality in a group, leading to impulsive behavior.
40
What is denial?
Refusing to accept reality or facts.
41
Define discrimination.
Unjust treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social category.
42
What is disinhibition?
Lack of restraint manifesting in disregard for social conventions.
43
Define displacement.
Redirecting emotional impulses from a threatening target to a safer one.
44
What are display rules?
Cultural norms dictating appropriate expressions of emotions.
45
What is dispositional attribution?
Attributing behavior to internal characteristics or traits of the individual.
46
Define drive-reduction theory.
A motivational theory proposing that biological drives create tension that motivates behavior.
47
What is the ego?
The rational component of personality that operates on the reality principle.
48
Define emotion.
A complex psychological and physiological state characterized by subjective feelings and physiological arousal.
49
What is an empirically derived test?
A psychological assessment tool developed through systematic research and statistical analysis.
50
What does equity refer to?
A sense of fairness in the distribution of rewards and responsibilities between partners.
51
Define ethnocentrism.
Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group.
52
What is explanatory style?
A psychological attribute indicating how people explain their experiences.
53
What are explicit attitudes?
Attitudes that are consciously held and easily reported.
54
Define external locus of control.
The belief that external factors control one's fate.
55
What is extraversion?
A personality trait characterized by sociability and assertiveness.
56
Define extrinsic motivation.
The desire to engage in an activity to obtain external rewards.
57
What is the facial feedback effect?
The phenomenon where facial expressions influence emotional experience.
58
What is the false consensus effect?
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs.
59
Define foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
A persuasion technique where compliance with a small request leads to compliance with a larger request.
60
What is free association?
A psychoanalytic technique encouraging individuals to express themselves freely.
61
Define frustration-aggression principle.
Suggests that frustration often leads to aggressive behavior.
62
What is the fundamental attribution error?
The tendency to overestimate internal factors and underestimate external factors in others' behavior.
63
What is ghrelin?
A hormone produced in the stomach that stimulates appetite.
64
Define glucose.
A simple sugar and the primary source of energy for cells.
65
What is grit?
Perseverance and passion for long-term goals despite obstacles.
66
What is group polarization?
The tendency for group discussion to reinforce initial attitudes, leading to extreme positions.
67
Define groupthink.
A phenomenon where group members prioritize harmony over critical evaluation.
68
What is the halo effect?
The tendency for an impression in one area to influence opinion in another area.
69
What is the hierarchy of needs?
A theory suggesting human motivation is organized into a hierarchy of needs.
70
Define homeostasis.
The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
71
What are humanistic theories?
Psychological theories emphasizing self-actualization and personal growth.
72
What is the id?
The primitive component of personality operating on the pleasure principle.
73
Define implicit attitudes.
Attitudes that are automatic and difficult to control.
74
What is an incentive?
A stimulus or reward that motivates behavior.
75
What is individualism?
A cultural orientation prioritizing individual rights and needs.
76
Define industrial-organizational psychology.
The application of psychological concepts to optimize human behavior in workplaces.
77
What is informational social influence?
Conforming to others' beliefs because one believes they possess accurate knowledge.
78
What is ingroup?
A social group with which an individual identifies and feels a sense of belonging.
79
Define ingroup bias.
The tendency to favor members of one's own ingroup.
80
What is internal locus of control?
The belief that one controls their own fate.
81
Define instinct.
An innate pattern of behavior characteristic of a species.
82
What is intrinsic motivation?
The desire to engage in an activity for its own sake, deriving satisfaction from it.
83
Who is John Darley?
A social psychologist known for his research on bystander intervention.
84
Who is Joseph LeDoux?
An American neuroscientist known for his research on the neural mechanisms of emotion.
85
What is the just-world phenomenon?
The tendency to believe that the world is inherently fair, leading to victim-blaming.
86
Who is Karen Horney?
A German psychoanalyst known for her theories on neurosis and basic anxiety.
87
Who is Leon Festinger?
A social psychologist known for his theory of cognitive dissonance.
88
What is leptin?
A hormone that helps regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger.
89
Define loose culture.
Societies with weaker social norms and greater tolerance for diversity.
90
What is the lowball technique?
A selling technique where an item is offered at a lower price before raising it.
91
What is the mere exposure effect?
The phenomenon where repeated exposure increases liking for a stimulus.
92
What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?
A widely used psychological assessment tool for measuring personality and psychopathology.
93
Define mirror-image perceptions.
Reciprocal stereotypes held by conflicting parties about each other.
94
What is motivation?
Processes that initiate, guide, and sustain goal-directed behavior.
95
What is multiculturalism?
A perspective recognizing cultural diversity and promoting equal standing for all traditions.
96
Define narcissism.
A personality trait characterized by excessive self-admiration and a lack of empathy.
97
What is neuroticism?
A personality trait characterized by emotional instability and anxiety.
98
What is normative social influence?
Conforming to group norms to gain social approval or avoid rejection.
99
What are norms?
Shared rules and expectations that guide behavior within groups.
100
Define obedience.
Compliance with commands from an authority figure.
101
What is obesity?
A medical condition characterized by excessive body fat accumulation.
102
What does openness refer to in personality traits?
A person's openness to experience, creativity, and willingness to try new things.
103
What is ostracism?
The act of excluding individuals from social interactions.
104
What is the other race effect?
The tendency to better recognize faces of individuals from one's own racial group.
105
What is an out-group?
A social group with which an individual does not identify.
106
Define out-group homogeneity.
The tendency to view an out-group as homogenous while seeing in-group members as diverse.
107
What is the definition of social exclusion?
Excluding or ignoring individuals from social interactions, relationships, or group activities, often resulting in feelings of rejection, loneliness, and social pain.
108
What is the other race effect?
The tendency to better recognize and distinguish faces of individuals from one's own racial or ethnic group compared to those of other racial or ethnic groups.
109
Define out-group.
A social group with which an individual does not identify and may perceive as different or inferior, often leading to stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination.
110
What is out-group homogeneity?
The tendency to view an out-group as homogenous, or all the same, while seeing members of the in-group as more varied.
111
What characterizes passionate love?
An intense emotional state characterized by strong feelings of attraction, longing, and desire for intimacy and physical closeness, often experienced early in a romantic relationship.
112
Who is Paul Costa?
A psychologist known for his collaboration with Robert McCrae in developing the Five Factor Model (Big Five) of personality and for his research on personality development and aging.
113
What is Paul Ekman known for?
His research on facial expressions, emotion, and nonverbal communication, as well as contributions to the study of universal emotions and the Facial Action Coding System (FACS).
114
Define peripheral route persuasion.
A method of persuasion that relies on superficial factors such as attractiveness, credibility, or emotional appeals rather than the quality of the message itself.
115
What is person perception?
The process of forming impressions, judgments, and evaluations of other people based on their behavior, appearance, and other observable characteristics.
116
How is personality defined?
An individual's unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persist over time and across different situations.
117
What is a personality inventory?
A self-report questionnaire or assessment tool used to measure and assess various personality traits, characteristics, or dimensions.
118
Define personality psychology.
The branch of psychology that focuses on understanding individual differences in behavior, thoughts, and emotions.
119
What does persuasion involve?
The process of intentionally influencing attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors of others through communication, argumentation, or manipulation of information.
120
What are physiological needs?
Basic biological requirements for survival and functioning, such as food, water, shelter, and sleep.
121
What is a polygraph?
A device used to measure physiological responses believed to be associated with deception or emotional arousal.
122
Define preconscious.
The area of the mind that contains information that can be brought into consciousness when needed.
123
What is prejudice?
A negative attitude or belief held about individuals or groups based on their membership in a particular social category.
124
What does projection mean in psychology?
Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others.
125
Define projective test.
A psychological assessment tool used to reveal unconscious thoughts, feelings, and conflicts.
126
What are psychodynamic theories?
Psychological theories that emphasize the role of unconscious processes and early childhood experiences in shaping personality and behavior.
127
What is psychoanalysis?
A therapeutic approach developed by Sigmund Freud that aims to explore and resolve unconscious conflicts.
128
Define rationalization.
Creating a seemingly logical reason or excuse for behavior that might otherwise be shameful.
129
What is reaction formation?
Behaving in a way that is opposite to one's unacceptable impulses.
130
What does reciprocal determinism suggest?
Behavior, personal factors, and environmental influences interact and influence each other bidirectionally over time.
131
Define reciprocity norm.
A social norm that suggests individuals should reciprocate kind or helpful actions of others.
132
What is regression in psychology?
Reverting to an earlier stage of development in the face of stress.
133
What does relative deprivation refer to?
The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.
134
Define repression.
A defense mechanism that involves pushing threatening thoughts into the unconscious mind.
135
Who is Richard Lazarus?
An American psychologist known for his research on stress, coping, and emotion.
136
What is Robert McCrae known for?
His research on personality and the development of the Five Factor Model of personality.
137
What did Robert Zajonc study?
Social psychology, social facilitation, and the mere exposure effect.
138
Define role in a social context.
A set of expected behaviors, duties, and responsibilities associated with a particular position or status.
139
What is the Rorschach inkblot test?
A projective psychological test consisting of symmetrical inkblots that individuals interpret.
140
What does scapegoat theory suggest?
Frustrated individuals may redirect their aggression toward a target perceived as weaker.
141
Define self in psychology.
A multidimensional construct encompassing beliefs, attitudes, values, identity, and self-awareness.
142
What is self-actualization?
The highest level of psychological development characterized by the realization of one's potential.
143
Define self-concept.
An individual's perception, beliefs, and evaluations about themselves.
144
What is self-determination theory?
A motivational theory emphasizing autonomy, competence, and relatedness in fostering intrinsic motivation.
145
What does self-disclosure involve?
The voluntary sharing of personal information with another person.
146
Define self-efficacy.
The belief in one's own ability to successfully accomplish tasks.
147
What is self-esteem?
An individual's overall evaluation of their own worth and competence.
148
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
A belief that influences behavior in a way that makes the belief come true.
149
Define self-serving bias.
Attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.
150
What is self-transcendence?
The capacity to transcend personal concerns in pursuit of higher meaning.
151
What does sensation-seeking theory suggest?
Individuals have varying levels of a need for stimulation and excitement.
152
Define set point.
A hypothetical physiological level or range the body tries to maintain.
153
Who is Sigmund Freud?
An Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis.
154
What is situational attribution?
Attributing behavior to external factors or circumstances.
155
Define social-cognitive perspective.
An approach that emphasizes the interaction between individual characteristics and environmental influences.
156
What is social influence?
The effect that other people have on an individual's thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behaviors.
157
What is social inhibition?
The tendency to perform worse on tasks when in the presence of others.
158
Define social exchange theory.
Proposes that social behavior is based on the calculation of rewards and costs.
159
What is social facilitation?
The tendency for the presence of others to enhance performance on simple tasks.
160
What is social identity?
The part of an individual's self-concept derived from their membership in social groups.
161
What does social loafing refer to?
The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group.
162
Define social norms.
The accepted behaviors that an individual is expected to conform to in a particular group.
163
What is social psychology?
The branch of psychology that studies how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts.
164
What does the social reciprocity norm imply?
The expectation that people will help those who have helped them.
165
Define social responsibility norm.
Suggests individuals should help those in need, especially when they are vulnerable.
166
What is a social script?
A set of expected behaviors that guide interactions in specific social situations.
167
What is a social trap?
A situation where individuals pursue immediate rewards that lead to negative long-term consequences.
168
Who is Solomon Asch?
A social psychologist known for his research on conformity.
169
Define spotlight effect.
The phenomenon where individuals overestimate the extent to which others notice their actions.
170
Who is Stanley Milgram?
A social psychologist known for his experiments on obedience to authority.
171
What is Stanley Schachter known for?
His research on emotions and the two-factor theory of emotion.
172
Define stereotype.
A fixed, oversimplified belief about a particular group of people.
173
What does sublimation involve?
Redirecting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.
174
What is the superego?
The moral and ethical component of personality that internalizes societal standards.
175
What are superordinate goals?
Common objectives that require cooperation from conflicting parties.
176
What does terror-management theory explore?
How individuals cope with existential anxiety and fear of mortality.
177
Define Thematic-Apperception Test.
A projective psychological test used to assess personality and unconscious motives.
178
What is a tight culture?
Societies with strong social norms and low tolerance for deviance.
179
What is a trait?
A relatively stable and enduring characteristic that distinguishes individuals.
180
Define trait theory.
A theory that focuses on identifying and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions.
181
What is unconditional positive regard?
An attitude of acceptance and respect toward individuals, fostering self-acceptance.
182
What is the unconscious?
A reservoir of thoughts and feelings that are not consciously accessible.
183
Who is Walter Cannon?
An American physiologist known for his research on homeostasis and the stress response.
184
Who is William James?
An American philosopher and psychologist known for his contributions to functionalism and theories of consciousness.
185
What does the Yerkes-Dodson law state?
There is an optimal level of arousal that enhances performance on a task.
