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AP Psych > AP Psych Unit 3 - biology 1-64 > Flashcards

AP Psych Unit 3 - biology 1-64 Flashcards

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1
Q

Human Biology/ Why are psychologist concerned with it

A

because it studies the links between our mental processes and biology (biological perspective)

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2
Q

Neurons

A

A nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system

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3
Q

Cell body/ Soma

A

The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus, The cells life support center

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4
Q

Dendrites

A

A bush, Branching extensions that receive and integrate messages, Conducting impulses toward the cell body.

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5
Q

Axon

A

attached to the stoma, The neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands.

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6
Q

Myelin sheath

A

The fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of the same neurons; increases transmissions speed and provides insulation. crucial to behavior, movement, and thought. ( the myelin sheath isn’t done developing unto age 25 and deterioration to such can lead to motor impairment.

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6
Q

Glial Cells

A

cells that support, nourish and protect neurons they also play a role in learning thinking and memory they provide nutrients and insulating myelin, guide neural connections and mop up ions and neurotransmitters (kinda like worker bees)

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6
Q

Terminal Branches

A

The Ends of axons containing terminal buttons which help synaptic vesicles that store neurotransmitters.

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6
Q

Action Potential

A

if the combined recieved chemical signals exceed a minimum threshold the neuron fires, transmitting an electrical impulse down its axons by means of a chemistry to electricity process.

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7
Q

Threshold

A

the levels of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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8
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Your body’s chemical messengers. the neurotransmitters received by dendrites build up to initiate the action potential.

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9
Q

All or None Response

A

Neural firing happens at full response or nothing at all. more stimulants don’t produce a more intense neural transmissions.

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10
Q

Excitatory Signal

A

Like the gas pedal on a car. electrical currents that prompt neurons to share information with each other. signals trigger action, when the excitatory impulses outnumber the inhibitory impulses , the threshold has been reached an an action potential occurs.

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11
Q

Inhibitory Signals

A

Like the Brake Pedal, Inhibitory neurotransmitter signals depress action

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12
Q

Polarization/ Resting state

A

Prior to the beginning of action potential The Charge outside of the membrane is more positive while the charge inside is more negative then positive- This Creates a slightly negative charge and the neuron is in a resting state

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13
Q

First step in action potential

A

After the Threshold is met the semi-permeable axon opens and sodium ions flood in through the channels

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14
Q

Second step in action potential (depolarization)

A

Depolarization happens when the sodium ions try to balance the inside of the membrane (before the membrane gate opened the inside is more negative)

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15
Q

What happens after depolarization

A

The electrical charge is changed due to depolarization and the 2nd gate in the axon opens allowing more sodium ions to enter at the same time potassium ions flow out this then repolarizes that section

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16
Q

fourth step in action potential

A

the sodium potassium pump created continues to depolarize new sections and repolarize the previous ones

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17
Q

5th step of action potential

A

The impulse then moves down the axon as an electrical current an—-

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18
Q

The Refactory period

A

the neurons short breaks when the action potential moves to the end of the neuron and firing cant occur again till axons return to resting state

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19
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that travels across the synapse and bind to receptors sites on the receiving neuron

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20
Q

Synapse

A

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of receiving neuron

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21
Q

Synaptic

A

the gap at the junction called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft

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22
Q

Reuptake

A

A neurotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron

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23
Q

Acetylcholine

A

learning, memory, messenger between motor neurons and skeletal muscles when ach is released to our muscle cell receptors, the muscle contracts if ach transmission is blocked the muscles cant contract and we’ll be paralyzed. and deterioration leads to alzheimer’s

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24
Q

Dopamine

A

Pleasure and feel good hormone Plays a key role in movement, learning, attention and emotion studies show that it can be associated with rewarding feelings and may play a role in addiction its believed that excess levels can be linked to schizophrenia

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25
Q

Endorphins

A

endogenous morphine “meaning within” natural opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

26
Q

Agonist

A

a Drug molecule that increases neurotransmitters action (exciting neuron firing) can mimic dopamine

27
Q

Antagonist

A

a Drug molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitters action and can also work by blocking and reuptake (inhibiting neuron firing)

28
Q

nervous system

A

the bodies speedy electro-chemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the perephreal and central nervous system

29
Q

Nerves

A

bundled axons of many neurons that form neural cables connection the central nervous system with muscle glands and sense organs

30
Q

Sensory neurons

A

contain different nerve fibers carry information from the sense organs to cns
example when you touch something hot it sends a signal to the rest of the body

31
Q

motor neurons

A

contain efferent neurons and carry messages from the cns to the muscles and glands

32
Q

CNS

A

made up of the brain and spinal cord and makes the decisions responsible for coordinating incoming sensory messages and outgoing motor messages

32
Q

Peripheral Nervous system

A

the pns made up of sensory and motor neurons the pns connects the body to the cns by gathering info from the senses and transmit messages from the cns

32
Q

Somatic

A

a part of the pns contracts the bodys skeletal muscles
Voluntarily

33
Q

autonomic

A

other part of pns controls glands and muscles of internal organs like heart and operates automatically is split into parasympathetic and sympathetic

33
Q

sympathetic

A

arouses the body mobilizing its energy and fight or flight and freeze the gas pedal and it accelerates and raises heart rate and blood pressure and slows digestion and cools the body

33
Q

Parasympathetic

A

calms the body conserving energy rest or digest de-ccelerates heartbeat blood and stimulates digestion, processes waste and calms the body

34
Q

Spinal Cord

A

2 way connection between pns and brain oversees the sensory and motor pathways of reflexes

34
Q

Brain

A

comprised of the cortex and subcortial structures carrying out various functions nerves arranged into neural networks like people grouping in cities

34
Q

Spinal Reflex

A

occurs when : Sense receptors in the skin send signals up through the spinal cord via sensory (afferent) neurons.
2) Interneurons in the spinal cord receive the information from the sensory neurons and send signals back through motor neurons
3) Motor (efferent) neurons connect to muscles in the body and direct movement.
involuntary responses to stimuli

35
Q

Endocrine

A

the body’s “slow”
chemical communication system;
a set of glands that secrete
hormones into the bloodstream
“email”

36
Q

Nervous system vs endocrine

A

nervous system is the text message very fast and send messages through neurotransmitter while endocrines are the email with hormones moving slower and through the bloodstream the glands secrete

37
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated (during a fight, flight, or freeze event), the adrenal glands release epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline) to energize the body.

38
Q

Norepinephrine

A

both a hormone and neurotransmitter norepinephrine (noradrenaline) is released in the PNS to calm the body.

39
Q

Pituitary gland

A

The hypothalamus directs the pituitary gland to regulate growth and control other endocrine glands, multiple secretions growth hormone, oxytocin, pituitary gland secretions direct other endocrine glands to secrete their hormones.

40
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates the uterine contractions of childbirth and milk secretion during breastfeeding; also promotes pair bonding, group cohesion and trust

41
Q

hypothalamus

A

The hypothalamus directs the pituitary gland to regulate growth and control other endocrine glands.
The hypothalamus is part of both the CNS and the endocrine system. It produces hormones that regulate many of the body’s key processes, including: Heart rate, Blood pressure, Body temperature, Hunger, Sleep-wake cycle.

42
Q

How do scientist study the brain from lesion

A

brain tissue is destroyed and researchers study the impact on functioning

43
Q

How do scientist study the brain from stimulation

A

Brain regions are stimulated electrically, chemically, or magnetically and researchers study the impact on functioning

44
Q

EEG

A

A recording of the waves of electrical activity
across the brain’s surface measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

45
Q

MEG

A

A brain imaging technique that
measures magnetic fields from the
brain’s natural electrical activity.

46
Q

CT
CAT

A

X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer to show
a slice of the brain’s structure; shows structural damage.

47
Q

PET

A

A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. Shows activity.

48
Q

MRI

A

A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of brain anatomy.
More detailed than CT scan.

49
Q

FMRI

A

A measure of blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans to show brain function or as well as structure.
Shows damage.

50
Q

brainstem

A

the bottom inner part of the brain it sends signals from your brain to the rest of your body made of a medulla reticular formation pns and thallamus

51
Q

Medulla

A

at the base of the brainstem

controls heartbeat and breathing

52
Q

pons

A

just above the medulla

controls sleep and helps coordinate movements

53
Q

Reticullar formation

A

nerve network that travels through the brainstem into the thalamus

helps control arousal and filters incoming sensory stimuli

54
Q

thalamus

A

at the top of the brainstem

relay station for incoming and outgoing sensory information (with the exception of smell)

55
Q

Cerebellum

A

at the rear of the brainstem

processing sensory
input, coordinating movement
and balance, nonverbal learning and memory
mini brain

56
Q

Amygdala

A

two
almond-sized neural clusters

linked to
emotion, fear, and aggression

57
Q

Hypothalamus

A

below (hypo) the thalamus;

directs eating, drinking, body temperature

helps govern the
endocrine system via the pituitary gland, linked to emotion and reward

58
Q

limbic

A

made up of the hypthalamus amygdala and hippocampus it regulattes emotions behavior memory located on both sides of the thalamus

59
Q

hippocampus

A

Small structure with two “arms” that wrap around the thalamus

helps process for storage explicit (conscious) memories of facts and
events

60
Q
A

AP Psych (2 decks)

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