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ap psych > ap psych unit 3 > Flashcards

ap psych unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a neuron

A

it is a nerve cell that send messages to your brain allowing you to breath, talk, etc.

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2
Q

what is the cell body

A

cell body is the core section of the neuron also known as the soma

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3
Q

what is the myelin sheath

A

is a sleeve of fat called lipids that wraps around each nerve cell protecting the axon

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4
Q

what is a axon

A

is also called a nerve fiber, a thin long fiber of a neuron. It carries the electrical impulses from the brain to certain parts of the body

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5
Q

what is dendrites

A

are the receiving ends of the neuron and receives transmitters from the cell body

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6
Q

what is synapse

A

is the small gap between the axon terminal that allows signals to pass to one neuron to another

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7
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

are the body’s chemical messengers that carry messages from one nerve cell to another.

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8
Q

how do neurotransmitters work

A

They travel between cells and attach to different receptors for you to then receive messages.

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9
Q

what are some important neurotransmitters

A

dopamine that plays a role in movement and memory and serotonin that helps regulate mood and anxiety

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10
Q

what is reuptake

A

the reabsorption of neurotransmitters that was produced and taken up by the same cell it was created from.

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11
Q

what are the 2 parts that make up the central nervous system

A

brain and the spinal cord

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12
Q

what is neural network

A

type of machine learning process that teaches computers to take in data the same way human brains do

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13
Q

what is the difference between somatic and autonomic

A

somatic regulates voluntary movement like walking and talking. autonomic regulates involuntary movements like breathing and heart rate

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14
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system

A

sympathetic controls fight or flight situations and responds to body when in stressful situations

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15
Q

what is parasympathetic nervous system

A

parasympathetic helps to keep the body calm and slows down heart rate

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16
Q

what are hormones

A

hormones are chemical messages that control different body functions and is sent throughout your body

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17
Q

What is a PET scan

A

uses images to evaluate organs and tissues and detect diseases

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18
Q

what is a CT scan

A

images taken from the body to show detail images of any part of the body to detect injuries

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19
Q

what is a MRI

A

uses strong magnetic fields to generate detailed images of the structure of the human body

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20
Q

what is a fMRI

A

measures brain activity and blood flow

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21
Q

what is a EEG

A

it records electrical activity and detect unusual changes in brain activity

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22
Q

what is a medulla

A

It helps control your heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure and carries signals that come from the brain to the rest of the body

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23
Q

what is pons

A

links your brain to the spinal cord it alerts the signals to your brain that there is pain anywhere in the body

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24
Q

what is reticular formation

A

it regulates muscles reflexes and conciousness

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25
Q

what is thalamus

A

stores information and plays a role in learning and memory and consciousness

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26
Q

what is hippocampus

A

stores short and long-term memory

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27
Q

what is amygdala

A

it is associated with emotional processes and activates fight-or-flight

28
Q

what is hypothalamus

A

it is your body’s smart coordinating center, it controls hunger, thirst, and temperature

29
Q

what brain regions is evident in language

A

Wernicke’s area controls the ability to understand words and the Broca’s area controls the ability to say the words out loud.

30
Q

what are glial cells

A

Glial cells are protecting cells that surround the neuron, keeping them alive in the nervous system.

31
Q

how do glial cells help neurons

A

They help the neurons so they can function clearly and let signaling messages go smoothly

32
Q

frontal lobe

A

directly behind the forehead, it controls voluntary movements, expressive language

33
Q

temporal lobe

A

located behind the ears that processes auditory information

34
Q

parietal lobe

A

located on the top and back of the head that mainly processes the sensations of touch, and also taste, smell, hearing, and sight.

35
Q

occipital lobe

A

located at the back of the head which is the visual processing center in the brain and help store memory and determine colors

36
Q

motor cortex

A

generates signals to direct the movement of the body

37
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

detects sensory information from the body’s temperature and touch, texture and pain

38
Q

visual cortex

A

is the process of receiving visual information

39
Q

auditory cortex

A

processing the idea of sound

40
Q

association area

A

control the processes of information from different receptors and compare the information to past experiences

41
Q

what is plasticity

A

the ability to change and adapt

42
Q

how can plasticity affect the brain

A

It allows changes in parts of the brain that can affect the brain’s structure and functioning

43
Q

what is neurogenesis

A

the growth and development of the brain and nervous tissues

44
Q

how does neurogenesis affect plasticity

A

neurogenesis makes up new neurons, in early development, neurons are still growing and the brain is still developing.

45
Q

what is dual processing

A

a description of two ways in which a mental process or psychological behavior might be impacted.

46
Q

what are chromosomes, dna and genes

A

Chromosomes are a thread-like structures found in most living cells. DNA is a substance that reproduces and is found in almost all living things and is the carrier of genetic information. Genes are the functional unit of heredity and make molecules called proteins.

47
Q

how are chromosomes, dna and genes linked together

A

They are all linked together because chromosomes carry cells with DNA, and DNA is responsible for building and maintaining the human structure. Genes are made up of DNA that make your physical qualities unique.

48
Q

how does genetics explain the behavior similarities in twins

A

they have similar personalities at a young age. but as they get older, they experience different lives and their personalities and behaviors will be different.

49
Q

what is heritability

A

measures how well variations in a person’s genes explain differences in their characteristics

50
Q

how does heritability influence gene-enviroment interaction

A

The environment such as your diet and stress can affect the gene inheritance

51
Q

how does heritability influence epigenetics

A

the brain responds to experiences during early stages of development and due to toxins, they can change the genes in the brain cells

52
Q

what is the nature vs nurture debate

A

the debate is the argument over how much an impact humans have from their genetic information and their surroundings

53
Q

what is the circadian rhythm

A

is the 24-hour sleep cycle that the brain is used to

54
Q

how does circadian rhythm control how we sleep

A

It regulates cycles of alertness and sleepiness that responds to variations of light in our environment.

55
Q

what are the different stages of sleep

A

NREM 1
where our body starts to calm down and we experience hallucinations
NREM 2
a deeper form of sleep when the body is more relaxed as well as the muscles and the heartbeat has slowed down
NREM 3
is even more deep into sleep and the brain starts to form a pattern of delta waves
REM sleep
when we start to experience dreams and have rapid eye movement and brain activity picks up

56
Q

how does brain activity change when we sleep

A

brain activity gradually picks up and REM sleep, the thalamus is then active and sends the brain sensations that make up our dreams.

57
Q

what is REM sleep

A

the deepest stage of sleep and is where most dreams occur and our eyes start to twitch

58
Q

how to avoid insomnia

A

avoid or limit caffeine and alcohol and having large meals before sleeping and make sure the body is fully relaxed

59
Q

what is narcolepsy

A

that has an effect on how the brain goes through sleep-wake cycles and is when you tend to feel tired at wrong times

60
Q

what is sleep apnea

A

where your breathing repeatedly stops and starts while sleeping because the muscles in you throat are relaxed which makes you not get oxygen

61
Q

what is night terrors

A

only occur to children and it is where someone suffers from fear and frightened awakenings

62
Q

what are theories about why we dream

A

to maybe satisfy our own wishes, to store and make new memories

63
Q

what is the difference between agonist and antagonist drugs

A

agonist bind to molecules on the cell so the drug does what it’s intended for since it produces a chemical reaction
antagonist is preventing the bind of the molecule making it a useless drug

64
Q

how might someone develop a tolerance to drugs
what happens when deprived of the drug

A

if one becomes addicted over a long period, the drug will be useless
once deprived, you start to rely on others for help and cause a person to have withdrawals

65
Q

characteristics of depressants, examples, and effects

A

sleepiness, reduce anxiety, and prevent seizures, alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates are examples of depressants
alcohol can cause memory loss, barbiturates can slow down central nervous system, opiates cause slowed breathing

66
Q

characteristics of stimulants, examples, and effects

A

can produce loss of appetite, tolerance, and can excite the body
Nicotine, caffeine, and cocaine are examples
nicotine can lead to cancer, caffeine increases breathing and heart rate, cocaine causes lung damage

67
Q

characteristics of hallucinogens, examples, and effects

A

make you experience hallucinations, increase your blood pressure, and increase heart rate
LSD and marijuana are examples
LSD cause stress and fatigue, marijuana cause high anxiety

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