ap psych unit 2-1

Question 1

hindsight bias

Answer 1

the tendency to believe that after learning an outcome, one would have foreseen it.

Question 2

critical thinking

Answer 2

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Question 3

theory

Answer 3

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

Question 4

hypothesis

Answer 4

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

Question 5

operational definition

Answer 5

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study.

Question 6

replication

Answer 6

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced.

Question 7

case study

Answer 7

a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

Question 8

correlation

Answer 8

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

Question 9

correlation coefficient

Answer 9

a statistical value of the relationship between two variables.

Question 10

scatterplot

Answer 10

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables.

Question 11

biased sample

Answer 11

a subpart of a larger population that does not accurately reflect characteristics of the whole population.

Question 12

falsifiable

Answer 12

hypotheses that are defined so they can be disconfirmed by testing.

Question 13

negative correlation

Answer 13

a statistical relationship in which increases in one measure are matched by decreases in the other.

Question 14

observer bias

Answer 14

the tendency of an observer to distort observations or perception to match his or her expectations.

Question 15

observer effect

Answer 15

changes in a subject’s behavior brought about by an awareness of being observed.

Question 16

participate bias

Answer 16

changes in the behavior of research participants caused by the unintended influence of their own expectations.

Question 17

positive correlation

Answer 17

a statistical relationship in which increases in one measure are matched by increases in the other and vice versa.

Question 18

representative sample

Answer 18

a small, randomly selected part of a larger population that accurately reflects characteristics of the whole population.

Question 19

scientific method

Answer 19

a form of critical thinking based on careful measurement and controlled observation.

Question 20

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 20

a prediction that prompts people to act in ways that make the prediction come true.

Question 21

population

Answer 21

all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.

Question 22

confirmation bias

Answer 22

the tendency to remember or notice information that fit’s one’s expectations but to forget discrepancies.

Question 23

random selection

Answer 23

choosing a sample so that each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.

Question 24

survey

Answer 24

a descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group

Question 25

naturalistic observation

Answer 25

a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation.